We describe the field demonstration of astrobiology instruments and research methods conducted in and from the Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS) in Utah during the EuroGeoMars campaign 2009 coordinated by ILEWG, ESA/ESTEC and NASA Ames, with the contribution of academic partners. We discuss the entire experimental approach from determining the geological context using remote sensing, in situ measurements, sorties with sample collection and characterization, analysis in the field laboratory, to the post sample analysis using advanced laboratory facilities.We present the rationale for terrestrial field campaigns to strengthen astrobiology research and the link between in situ and orbital remote sensing data. These campaigns are supporting the preparation for future missions such as Mars Science Laboratory, ExoMars or Mars Sample Return. We describe the EuroGeoMars 2009 campaign conducted by MDRS crew 76 and 77, focused on the investigation of surface processes in their geological context. Special emphasis was placed on sample collection and pre-screening using in-situ portable instruments. Science investigations included geological and geochemical measurements as well as detection and diagnostic of water, oxidants, organic matter, minerals, volatiles and biota.EuroGeoMars 2009 was an example of a Moon–Mars field research campaign dedicated to the demonstration of astrobiology instruments and a specific methodology of comprehensive measurements from selected sampling sites. We discuss in sequence: the campaign objectives and trade-off based on science, technical or operational constraints. This includes remote sensing data and maps, and geological context; the monitoring of environmental parameters; the geophysical context and mineralogy studies; geology and geomorphology investigations; geochemistry characterization and subsurface studies.We describe sample handling (extraction and collection) methods, and the sample analysis of soils and rocks performed in the MDRS laboratory using close inspection, initial petrological characterization, microscopy, Visible-NIR spectrometry, Raman spectrometry, X-ray diffraction/X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, soil analysis, electrochemical and biological measurements.The results from post-mission analysis of returned samples using advanced facilities in collaborator institutes are described in companion papers in this issue. We present examples of in-situ analysis, and describe an example investigation on the exploration and analysis of endolithic microbial mats (from reconnaissance, in-situ imaging, sampling, local analysis to post-mission sample analysis).

Now spanning a time frame of already 10 years, the plan to land a European Lander on an asteroid has finally been accomplished. The first idea was established around 2008 in the framework of the European Marco Polo Assessment, studying the possibility to collect a pristine sample of a Near-Earth Asteroid and returning it back to Earth. The lander named MASCOT (Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout) was proposed to be carried by the main spacecraft, to land on the surface and by the ability to relocate to investigate multiple surface locations in order to scout the best possible sampling site. After the discontinuation of the original study, MASCOT received an invitation from JAXA to join-in the Hayabusa2 mission, the direct follow-up of the first asteroid sampler Hayabusa. However, MASCOT was selected at a time (mid 2011) when its conceptual design and scientific payloads had not been fully defined; with the carrier spacecraft already in its critical design phase having most of its interfaces fixed; no heritage to use off-the-shelf bus equipment directly and only 3 years left until a proposed final delivery. The tight schedule, tightly defined envelope, and strict margins policy were challenges during its development at all levels. Nevertheless, Hayabusa2 and MASCOT were launched on December 3rd, 2014, and arrived at their destined target asteroid (162173) Ryugu on June 27, 2018. Finally, MASCOT was separated from its mother spacecraft and successfully landed on October 3rd, 2018, accomplishing the first ever landing of a European spacecraft on the surface of an asteroid. This paper provides a review of the performed MASCOT development process including its verification strategy from the first unit hardware test to the final check-out before launch. In addition, it also provides a historical comparison to former fast-paced programs in space.

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MASCOT, a small 11 kg prototype Asteroid Lander on-board JAXA’s Hayabusa2 space probe, was launched on December 3rd, 2014, and arrived at its destined target asteroid (162173) Ryugu on June 27, 2018. MASCOT was separated from its mother spacecraft and successfully landed on October 3rd, 2018, accomplishing the first ever landing of a European spacecraft on the surface of an asteroid. To catch this particular launch opportunity its development timeline needed to be heavily compressed. In particular, the kick-off for hardware production was released in February 2012, only 2 years before the initially planned delivery of the flight unit. Due to this compact schedule, current and well established verification processes could not be followed in order to finalize the project in the given time. But by applying a unique mix of conventional and tailored model philosophies it was possible to dynamical adapt the test program to accomplish for the shortest planning and a suitable weighing of costs and risks. A strategy of Concurrent Assembly, Integration and Verification (C-AIV) helped to identify and mitigate design and manufacturing issues and shortened the test timeline further from a general 4–5 year C/D-phase down to 2,5 year C/D-phase. This short article outlines the general idea of the applied method which could be used by AIV and System Engineers in a general tailoring process for projects of similar nature which could be run in an alternative and much faster way, if the circumstances would call for it.Concurrent AIV, a new agile methodology to hard tailor test and model philosophies for space projects is presented,The methodology is based on parallelization of test activities, creation of independent unique test threads and synergizing their dependencies at key points,On the baseline of the asteroid lander MASCOT, this methodology has been successfully applied to shorten the overall test and implementation schedule to only 2.5 years.

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