A major gap in our understanding of infant immunity is why natural killer (NK) cellresponses are deficient, making infants more prone to viral infection. Here we demonstrate that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) was responsible for NK cell immaturity during infancy. Higher numbers of fully mature NK cells were found in CD11cdnR mice, whose NK cells lack TGF-βR signaling. Importantly, ontogenic maturation of NK cells progressed faster in the absence of TGF-β signaling, resulting in the formation of mature NK cell pool early in life. As a consequence, infant CD11cdnR mice efficiently controlled viral infections. These data thus demonstrate an unprecedented role for TGF-β in ontogeny that can explain why NK cell responses are deficient early in life.

No abstract

Intussusception is a rare long-term complication following bariatric surgery. With unclear risk factors and a variable presentation, intussusception is often diagnosed in emergency departments on cross-sectional imaging. Due to the nature of the disease process, prompt involvement of a bariatric surgeon and operative intervention offers the best outcome. Here, we discuss two similar cases of jejunojejunal intussusception following open Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and abdominoplasty that were managed with operative reduction of the involved bowel.

In the version of this article initially published, a label in Figure 2b and the scale size for Figure 5a were incorrect. The left label under the left image in Figure 2b should be CXCL9 (in red);