We present an Arduino-based automation system to control the streetlights based on solar rays and object’s detection. We aim to design various systems to achieve the desired operations, which no longer require time-consuming manual switching of the streetlights. The proposed work is accomplished by using an Arduino microcontroller, a light dependent resistor (LDR) and infrared-sensors while, two main contributions are presented in this work. Firstly, we show that the streetlights can be controlled based on the night and object’s detection. In which the streetlights automatically turn to DIM state at night-time and turn to HIGH state on object’s detection, while during day-time the streetlights will remain OFF. Secondly, the proposed automated system is further extended to skip the DIM condition at night time, and streetlights turn ON based on the objects’ detection only. In addition, an automatic door system is introduced to improve the safety measurements, and most importantly, a counter is set that will count the number of objects passed through the road. The proposed systems are designed at lab-scale prototype to experimentally validate the efficiency, reliability, and low-cost of the systems. We remark that the proposed systems can be easily tested and implemented under real conditions at large-scale in the near future, that will be useful in the future applications for automation systems and smart homes.

Sprouting populace mass within the urban areas furnishes critical challenges of providing uninterruptible community services to fulfill the primitive needs of inhabitants in smart cities. Smart cities facilitate and uplift the living standards of inhabitants through various smart systems or infrastructures, and smart grid is one of them. Secure transmission is a key requirement in the advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) of most smart grids, and key establishment cryptographic protocols can be used to achieve such a requirement. Designing efficient and secure key establishment protocols for AMI remains challenging.For example, in this paper, we reveal several weaknesses in the identity-based key establishment protocol of Mohammadali et al (published in IEEE Trans Smart Grid, 2017), which is based on elliptic curves. We then improve their protocol and prove its security in the random oracle model. We also demonstrate that the improved protocol achieves both anonymity and untraceability, before presenting a comparative summary of the security and computational overheads of the proposed protocol and several other existing protocols. KEYWORDSadvanced metering infrastructure, anonymity, identity-based key establishment, key establishment, smart grid Int J Commun Syst. 2019;32:e4137.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/dac

A specially designed tunable hyperbolic metamaterial (HMM) based on plasmon induced transparency (PIT) of fractal in the near-infrared (NIR) regime was proposed. The HMM-layer constitutes the top metasurface, which is comprised of fractal-like nanospheres of silver (Ag) metal. A bilayer of graphene is sandwiched between the top HMM and bottom silicon (Si) substrate. The permittivity of graphene bilayer was deduced corresponding to different chemical potentials (of graphene). PIT of the proposed structure was obtained in the 3000-4000 nm wavelength band by employing the finite difference time domain simulation under the excitation of a fundamental transverse magnetic (TM) mode. The effects of incidence angle and graphene chemical potential on the transmission characteristics were investigated. Furthermore, the PIT windows could be tuned by altering the radii of Ag nanospheres in the HMM layer and chemical potential of bilayer graphene. Such systems would be useful in varieties of applications, e.g., switching, energy harvesting, sensing in environmental, and/or medical diagnostics, particularly in detecting the existing impurities in human blood and urine.

Photovoltaic (PV) energy is highly promising because of its renewable, green, and environment-friendly nature. In this article, the design and analysis of an isolated PV system using a push-pull converter with a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is presented. Furthermore, DC-DC converters, along with intelligent controllers fed with MPPT algorithms, are used to ensure the maximum extraction of incident energy. The proposed methodology utilizes fuzzy logic MPPT techniques based on an isolated push-pull boost converter to optimize the power output of PV modules, as well as to achieve isolation and high DC gain for DC/AC inversion. This work also presents a single-phase inverter with fuzzy logic close loop control analysis with LCL filter design. A Canadian solar panel of 250 W is assumed in this research work, which has an open circuit voltage 59.9 V, short circuit current 5.49 A at 25 • C temperature, and 1000 W/m 2 irradiance. The voltages are tracked, through the MPPT algorithm. These voltages represent a boost to 340 V DC through push-pull boost converter and are inverted up to 220 V AC through fuzzy logic voltage source inverter. In addition, a unipolar switching technique is used to remove the total harmonic distortion under linear load. The proposed methodology is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results verify that the proposed methodology can efficiently track the MPPT. Finally, the hardware prototype of the proposed system has been experimentally validated. K E Y W O R D S fuzzy logic control, maximum power point tracking, pulse width modulation, total harmonic distortion 1 INTRODUCTION Energy is the need of the modern world and there is a need to explore new means of energy, which are cheap and environment-friendly. The energy demand is increasing every year and already existing resources including thermal, hydro, nuclear, and gas are unable to meet the demand. There is a need for some alternate sources of energy that can meet This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Improved Spectral Efficiency (SE) is a prominent feature of Massive Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output systems. These systems are prepared with antenna clusters at receiver (Rx) and transmitter (Tx). In this paper, we examined a massive MIMO system to increase SE in each cell that ultimately improves the area throughput of the system. We are aiming to find appropriate values of average cell-density (D), available bandwidth (B), and SE to maximize area throughput because it is the function of these parameters. Likewise, a SE augmentation model was developed to attain an increased transmit power and antenna array gain. The proposed model also considers the inter-user interference from neighboring cells along with incident angles of desired and interfering users. Moreover, simulation results validate the proposed model that is implementable in real-time scenarios by realizing maximum SE of 12.79 bits/s/Hz in Line of Sight (LoS) and 12.69 bits/s/Hz in Non-Line of Sight (NLoS) scenarios, respectively. The proposed results also substantiate the SE augmentation because it is a linear function of transmit power and array gain while using the Uniform Linear Array (ULA) configuration. The findings of this work ensure the efficient transmission of information in future networks.