Klebsiella spp. isolates from community-acquired infections were characterized. A total of 39 Klebsiella spp. isolates were obtained from outpatients at four rural hospitals in Mexico (2013–2014). The biochemical tests identified all as being K. pneumoniae. The molecular multiplex-PCR test identified 36 (92.4%) K. pneumoniae isolates and one (2.5%) K. variicola isolate, and phylogenetic analysis of the rpoB gene identified two isolates (5.1%) belonging to K. quasipneumoniae subsp. quasipneumoniae and K. quasivariicola. The last one was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis of six-loci concatenated genes. Mostly the isolates were multidrug resistant; however, a minority were extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing (10.2%). The extended-spectrum β-lactamase CTX-M-15 gene was identified in these isolates. Analysis of biofilm production and the hypermucoviscosity phenotype showed a total of 35 (92.3%) and seven (17.9%) of the isolates were positive for these phenotypes respectively. The K2 (4/39, 10.2%), K5 (2/39, 5.1%) and K54 (1/39, 2.5%) serotypes were identified in seven (17.9%) of the isolates, and only 28.5% (2/7) hypermucoviscous isolates were positive for the K2 and K5 serotypes. In general, the sequence type (ST) analysis and phylogenetic analysis of seven multilocus sequence typing loci were heterogeneous; however, ST29 was the most prevalent ST in the analysed isolates, accounting for 19% (4/21) of the total isolates. Two of the four ST29 isolates had the hypermucoviscosity phenotype. The virulence factors for fimbriae were the most prevalent, followed by siderophores. Community-acquired infections are caused by various species from Klebsiella genus, with different profiles of antibiotic resistance and heterogeneous virulence factors.

Nine Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming isolates with identical or very similar repetitive-sequence-based PCR profiles were recovered from an evaporative lagoon in Mexico. In the present study, a polyphasic approach was undertaken to determine the taxonomic status of nine isolates recovered from an evaporative lagoon in the Churince system, a hydrological system in the Cuatro Ciénegas valley in Coahuila, Mexico (26 u 50.8309 N 102 u 09.3359 W).A large collection of bacterial isolates was obtained from surface water samples collected at two different points (10 m apart) in the lagoon referred to as Laguna Grande. Water samples (15 ml) from each site were collected in sterile BD Falcon vials (BD Biosciences) and 200 ml from each sample was inoculated on glutamate/starch/phenol red (GSP) agar plates (Kielwein, 1971). The GSP medium had the following composition (g l 21): sodium L-(+)-glutamate, 10.0; starch (soluble), 20.0; potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 2.0; magnesium sulfate, 0.5; phenol red, 0.36; agar-agar, 12.0). Incubation was performed at 29 u C for 48 h. Colonies grown on different GSP plates were purified by subculture on Luria-Bertani (LB) agar (1 % tryptone, 0.5 % yeast extract, 1 % NaCl and 1.5 % agar) plates and the cultures were maintained at 280 u C in LB broth (1 % tryptone, 0.5 % yeast extract and 1 % NaCl) with 20 % (w/v) glycerol prior to analysis.The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the 16S rRNA sequences of strains 1NT and 3N are EU791281 and EU791282, respectively.A figure showing a pulsed-field electrophoresis gel of novel strains described in this work and type and reference strains of known Pseudomonas species is available with the online version of this paper.

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Pollination by insects is an essential service for the conservation of plant biodiversity, since it increases the rate of fertilization of flowers and therefore increases the quality and quantity of seeds and fruits. In tropical regions, native plants depend heavily on stingless bees as pollinators since before the introduction of the European honey bee Apis mellifera. However, like for many other insect species worldwide, anthropogenic actions represent a true threat to stingless bee populations. In this article, we review the works that evaluated the potential negative impacts of human activities on populations of stingless bees. The studies constitute a strong body of evidence that stingless bee populations are at risk of decline around the world due to threats including habitat loss, agrochemicals, competition for resources, climate change, and the introduction of exotic species, including pathogens.

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