Quality of an apartment is one of the basic determinants of the quality of life of its user. Modern lifestyle and housing needs have changed dramatically in recent decades as a result of various social and economic factors. The aim of the paper was to review the housing settlements, apartment buildings, and apartments constructed during the period of socialism in the City of Osijek in order to define their characteristics and provide a basis for future research on the city's housing stock quality and the possibility of its adaptation to contemporary housing needs. The research encompasses 32% of the total housing stock of the City of Osijek, or more precisely, 24 residential areas with 503 apartment buildings and 13 610 apartments. As the sample contains a large number of apartments, for the purpose of easier analysis, it was categorized according to shorter time periods reflecting the housing policy periods within which the structures were built. The results show that Osijek's residential areas were built mostly within existing city blocks, and they contain freestanding or built-in elongated four-story apartment buildings. The average Osijek apartment is a "corridor apartment" with two rooms, and the average net area is 53.53 m 2 . SOCIJALISTIČKA VIŠESTAMBENA IZGRADNJA U GRADU OSIJEKUSažetak: Kvaliteta stana jedna je od osnovnih odrednica kvalitete života njegovog korisnika. Suvremeni način života i stambene potrebe uvelike su se promijenile u posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća kao posljedica različitih društvenih i ekonomskih čimbenika. Cilj ovoga rada bio je dati pregled stambenih naselja, zgrada i stanova izgrađenih u socijalističkom periodu u gradu Osijeku, kako bi se definirale njihove karakteristike i stvorila baza za buduća istraživanja kvalitete stambenog fonda grada, kao i mogućnost njegove prilagodbe suvremenim stambenim potrebama. Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 32 % ukupnog stambenog fonda grada Osijeka, točnije, 24 stambena naselja koja sadrže 503 stambene zgrade s 13 610 stanova. Kako se u uzorku nalazi velik broj stanova, oni su prema vremenu izgradnje podijeljeni u kraće periode stambene politike socijalizma. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju kako većina osječkih stambenih naselja sadrži četverokatne lamele koje su oblikovale naselje unutar već postojećih gradskih blokova. Prosječan stan u gradu Osijeku je dvosobni "koridorski" stan prosječne neto površine od 53.53 m 2 .

Inspirisani neprekidnim promenama savremenog društva, problematika ovog istraživanja smeštena je u kontekst današnjeg grada kao nečovekomerne sredine podređene automobilu. Ispituju se teme programskog kombinovanja, društvene uloge grada, arhitekture koja može da odgovori na potrebe društva 21. veka. Akcenat je na prekidu sa principima tipološkog projektovanja i uvođenju modela kombinovanih namena i hibridne arhitekture u cilju generisanja socijalnog kontakta. Kao rezultat istraživanja predložen je projekat arhitektonskog hibrida u italijanskom gradu Latini.

Recent periods in global history have put some heavy strains on the human condition. Changes in living have subsequently led to spontaneous bottom-up adjustments of housing units. During 2020 and 2021 the definition of spatial features of these changes has been the main objective of three Master's course workshops at the Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Novi Sad. Results of those workshops served as a pool of solutions for the research that followed. Using obtained data, abstract diagrams of architectural functionality are transcribed. They are applied to an algorithm and computer software that implements the algorithm, which has produced a wide range of spatial solutions. Both analytical and numerical approaches to the produced solutions, with additional criteria that have been applied and tested against some well-known theoretical thoughts from recent history, provide an insight into the possible future of multifamily housing.

SažetakStan je primarno mjesto čovjekova bivanja, a kvaliteta stanovanja jedan od najvećih interesa društva. Dosadašnjim istraživanjem stanovanja u višestambenim zgradama, uočen je nerazmjer između karakteristika, odnosno kvalitete sadašnjeg stambenog fonda i potreba korisnika, što govori o nužnosti za detaljnim i kontinuiranim istraživanjem teme stanovanja upravo iz ovog aspekta. Potrebi za istraživanjem pridonose i stalne promjene stambenih potreba koje uvjetuje suvremeni način života. Cilj je ovog rada dati uvid u istraživanje koje se provodi u sklopu disertacije čija je tema razvoj modela korisničkog vrednovanja prostornih karakteristika stana. Istraživanje koje se provodi usmjereno je na analizu arhitektonskog rješenja stana s težnjom da se prouči njegova pogodnost da unutar svojih granica korisniku osigura adekvatan prostor za suvremeni način života. Uspostavljanjem relacije između teorijskih i praktičnih iskusatva, odnosno iskustava istraživača i projektanata s iskustvom korisnika stana, teži se kvalitetnom i sveobuhvatnom pristupu projektiranja čovjekove najintimnije sredine.Ključne riječi: stan, vrednovanje, kvaliteta stanovanja, korisnik, prostorne karakteristike stana User evaluation of spatial properties of apartments AbstractThe apartment is regarded as a person's primary place of residence, and housing quality as one of the greatest interests of the society. During analysis of previous studies on collective housing, a discrepancy has been revealed between the characteristics, i.e. the quality, of the current housing stock and the needs of apartment users. This discrepancy points to the need for a detailed and continuous research of the housing issue from this specific point of view. Continuous changes in housing needs, made necessary by modern lifestyle, have also contributed to the need for this research. The aim of this paper is to provide an insight into the research that is carried out within a PhD dissertation focusing on the development of a model for user evaluation of spatial characteristics of apartments. The research that is currently under way concentrates on the analysis of an architectural solution for apartments in order to examine suitability of apartments to provide users, within appropriate limits, with an adequate space ensuring a modern lifestyle. This research aims to provide a qualitative and comprehensive approach to apartment design, where apartment is regarded as every person's most intimated space, and this through establishment of the relationship between theoretical and practical experience, i.e. between the experience of researchers and designers and that of apartment users.

This paper presents a new approach to architecture and urban design that results in an increase of the energy efficiency of buildings set close to each other, which is set as the optimization problem. The main goal is to maximize the sunlight impact on objects, in a way to minimize inter-object shading on each building. The problem is solved by the PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) algorithm and its modifications, as well as the application of PSO algorithm with niches, which makes it possible to find a large number of local optima. It turned out that the PSO algorithm with niches is especially suitable for solving the described problems. The proposed methodology is illustrated by a few examples.