Background To inform the on-going debate about the use of universal prescriptive versus national intrauterine growth charts, we compared perinatal mortality for small and large-for-gestational-age (SGA/LGA) infants according to international and national charts in Europe. Methods We classified singleton births from 33 to 42 weeks of gestation in 2010 and 2014 from 15 countries ( N = 1,475,457) as SGA (birthweight <10th percentile) and LGA (>90th percentile) using the international Intergrowth-21st newborn standards and national charts based on the customised charts methodology. We computed sex-adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for stillbirth, neonatal and extended perinatal mortality by this classification using multilevel models. Findings SGA and LGA prevalence using national charts were near 10% in all countries, but varied according to international charts with a north to south gradient (3.0% to 10.1% and 24.9% to 8.0%, respectively). Compared with appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants by both charts, risk of perinatal mortality was increased for SGA by both charts (aOR[95% confidence interval (CI)]=6.1 [5.6–6.7]) and infants reclassified by international charts from SGA to AGA (2.7 [2.3–3.1]), but decreased for those reclassified from AGA to LGA (0.6 [0.4–0.7]). Results were similar for stillbirth and neonatal death. Interpretation Using international instead of national charts in Europe could lead to growth restricted infants being reclassified as having normal growth, while infants with low risks of mortality could be reclassified as having excessive growth. Funding InfAct Joint Action, CHAFEA Grant n°801,553 and EU/EFPIA Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking ConcePTION grant n°821,520. AH received a PhD grant from EHESP.
Neonatal head circumference (HC) not only represents the brain size of Homo sapiens, but is also an important health risk indicator. Addressing a lack of comparative studies on head size and its variability in term and preterm neonates from different populations, we aimed to examine neonatal HC by gestation according to a regional reference and a global standard. Retrospective analysis of data on neonatal HC obtained from the Lithuanian Medical Birth Register from 2001 to 2015 (423 999 newborns of 24–42 gestational weeks). The varying distribution by gestation and sex was estimated using GAMLSS, and the results were compared with the INTERGROWTH-21st standard. Mean HC increased with gestation in both sexes, while its fractional variability fell. The 3rd percentile matched that for INTERGROWTH-21st at all gestations, while the 50th and 97th percentiles were similar up to 27 weeks, but a full channel width higher than INTERGROWTH-21st at term. INTERGROWTH-21st facilitates the evaluation of neonatal HC in early gestations, while in later gestations, the specific features of neonatal HC of a particular population tend to be more precisely represented by regional references.
Darbo tikslas – nustatyti 1995-2016 metų laikotarpio naujagimių, kurių motinos nėštumo metu vartojo narkotikus, skaičių; ištirti moterų sociodemografinius, akušerinės anamnezės ir sveikatos būklės rodiklius; naujagimių fizinės ir sveikatos būklės ypatumus. Darbo metodika. Tyrimo duomenys rinkti naudojantis Higienos instituto sveikatos informacijos centro gimimų medicininių duomenų informacine sistema. Atrinkti naujagimiai, kurių motinos nuo 1997 metų nėštumo metu vartojo narkotikus ir (ar) kuriems buvo diagnozuota patologija dėl motinos narkomanijos. Nagrinėti motinų sociodemografiniai rodikliai (amžius, tautybė, išsilavinimas, šeiminė padėtis), buvę nėštumai ir gimdymai, ligos nėštumo metu, naujagimių fizinės (ūgis, svoris, galvos apimtis) ir sveikatos būklės rodikliai (baigtis, diagnozės dėl narkotikų poveikio ir kitos ligos). Duomenys analizuoti naudojant MS office Excel 2016 ir SPSS statistics 25 programas. Rezultatai. Iš viso atrinkti 414 (0,06 proc. nuo visų gyvų gimusių) naujagimių, kurių motinos nėštumo metu vartojo narkotikus. Nagrinėjamuoju laikotarpiu bendrasis tokių naujagimių skaičius didėjo (1995 m. – 0,02 proc., 2016 – 0,1 proc.). Ketvirtadalis (24 proc.) gimė neišnešioti (reikšmingai daugiau, palyginus su neišnešiotų naujagimių dalimi tarp visų gyvų gimusių p<0,001). Vidutiniai naujagimių fizinės būklės rodikliai buvo: svoris 2796,7 (±596,7) g, ūgis 48,9 (±3,5) cm, galvos apimtis 33,2 (±2,4) centimetrai. Vidutinis motinų amžius – 26,9 metai. Palyginus su bendrosios populiacijos tautine sudėtimi, patikimai didesnę dalį sudarė rusės (19,3 proc.), lenkės (9,7 proc.) ir kitų tautybių (6,5 proc.) moterys. Daugiau kaip pusė moterų (65,0 proc.) gyveno vienos; beveik pusė (44,2 proc.) – neturinčios vidurinio išsilavinimo. Didelė dalis naujagimių (56,3 proc.) gimė turėdami naujagimių abstinencijos sindromą, tačiau ne visos (tik 47,3 proc.) tokių naujagimių motinos pripažino nėštumo metu vartojusios narkotikus. Daugiau nei pusė naujagimių (60,0 proc.) buvo perkelti tolesniam gydymui, dažniausiai dėl naujagimių abstinencijos sindromo (39,1 proc.), ar įgimtos infekcijos (20,3 proc.). Išvados. Tyrimo laikotarpiu naujagimių, kurių motinos nėštumo metu vartojo narkotikus, skaičius padidėjo nuo 0,02 proc. (1995 m.) iki 0,1 proc. (2016 m.). Narkotikus nėštumo metu reikšmingai dažniau vartojo žemo išsilavinimo, vienos gyvenančios moterys. Naujagimių vidutiniai fizinės būklės rodikliai buvo statistiškai reikšmingai mažesni, negu bendrosios populiacijos; naujagimiai 4 kartus dažniau buvo neišnešioti. Daugiau nei pusei naujagimių reikėjo tolesnio gydymo, dažniausiai dėl naujagimių abstinencijos sindromo ir (ar) įgimtos infekcijos.
IntroductionThere is no global consensus as to which standards are the most appropriate for the assessment of birth weight and length. The study aimed to compare the applicability of regional and global standards to the Lithuanian newborn population by sex and gestational age, based on the prevalence of small or large for gestational age (SGA/LGA).Materials and MethodsAnalysis was performed on neonatal length and weight data obtained from the Lithuanian Medical Birth Register from 1995 to 2015 (618,235 newborns of 24–42 gestational weeks). Their distributions by gestation and sex were estimated using generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS), and the results were compared with the INTERGROWTH-21st (IG-21) standard to evaluate the prevalence of SGA/LGA (10th/90th centile) at different gestational ages.ResultsThe difference in median length at term between the local reference and IG-21 was 3 cm–4 cm, while median weight at term differed by 200 g. The Lithuanian median weight at term was higher than in IG-21 by a full centile channel width, while the median length at term was higher by two channel widths. Based on the regional reference, the prevalence rates of SGA/LGA were 9.7%/10.1% for boys and 10.1%/9.9% for girls, close to the nominal 10%. Conversely, based on IG-21, the prevalence of SGA in boys/girls was less than half (4.1%/4.4%), while the prevalence of LGA was double (20.7%/19.1%).DiscussionRegional population-based neonatal references represent Lithuanian neonatal weight and length much more accurately than the global standard IG-21 which provides the prevalence rates for SGA/LGA that differ from the true values by a factor of two.
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