ObjectiveThe present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of periodontal diseases among adults visiting the dental department of a hospital based in Jorpati. MethodsFour hundred and seventeen patients were randomly taken from a dental hospital situated in Jorpati during the time period of March 2013 to August 2013. All patients visiting the dental department who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included in the study. The data included patients overall information along with their chief complaint, gingival bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), frequency of brushing, adverse habits and the diagnosis of the patients examined. ResultsWe found that 52.5% suffered from gingivitis and 47.5% suffered from periodontitis. Also 28.3% suffered from localized and 18% suffered from generalized form of periodontitis. There was no statistically significant difference in the gender when the prevalence of periodontal disease was compared. 51.4% of male and 44.4% of female was seen to be affected with periodontitis. Also habits like smoking and intake of smokeless tobacco was seen to be associated with periodontitis. Regarding the age group more number of patients in the age group of >50 years were seen to be suffering from periodontitis (84.3%) as compared to age group of <35 years (25.9%). ConclusionThere is high prevalence of periodontitis and gingivitis in the studied population. Periodontitis was seen to be more prevalent as age advanced which can be attributed mainly to untreated gingivitis.However, no significant difference was seen in the prevalence of periodontitis with respect to gender.

Background: Edentulism is a sequel of tooth loss which leads to impairment of normal function, comfort, aesthetics and speech. It also leads to various undesirable consequences like occlusal discrepancies, migration and spacing of surrounding teeth, supra eruption, loss of space, temporomandibular disorders and other unwanted changes. Little is known about the prevalence of patterns of edentulism in Nepal. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of Kennedy’s classification on partially edentulous patients. Methodology: A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out among 300 patients within the age of 18-80 years visiting the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, College of Dental Science and Hospital -Nepal Medical College  with at least one missing tooth from Jan 2018-March 2018. Results: Out of 300 patients enrolled, a majority were female (178; 59.3%). The patients mostly affected by partially edentulous condition were among the age group of 51 to 60 years (78; 26%). The distribution of partially edentulous areas were similar in maxillary (80; 26%) and mandibular (85; 28.3%) arches and 45% of the patients (n=135) had one or more missing tooth/teeth on both arches. Kennedy’s class III was found in more than 31% of the patients (n=94) in the maxillary arch and 30% (n=91) in the mandibular arch. Likewise, Kennedy’s class III with modification 1 was seen in 21% (n=62) cases in the maxillary and 24% (n=72) cases in the mandibular arch. Conclusion: Kennedy’s class III and Kennedy’s class III with modification 1 were the most common type of pattern of partially edentulous area on both arches.

Background: Growing individuals not only differ in the timing of the maturational events, but also in the sequence of these events. Age is one of the essential factors, which play an important role in every aspect of life like in clinical, medico-legal, forensic and anthropological applications and in planning treatment of   orthodontic and pedodontic patients. The aim of the study was to determine dental age from                       orthopantomogram using Demirjian’s method and Nolla’s method and to evaluate the interrelationship     between chronological and dental age according to both these methods. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in 177 orthopantomograms of the patient aged between 5 to 15 years. Dental age estimation was done with Demirjian’s and Nolla’s method. Results: The mean chronological age 10.14 + 3.16 compared with the mean Demirjian age 9.58 + 3.39 was statistically non significant p > 0.05 whereas comparision with mean Nolla age 7.88+ 1.56 was significant statistically. Conclusions: Both methods showed delayed dental age compared to chronological age. Demirjian’s method was more  applicable to    assess the dental age in Nepalese children compared to Nolla’s method.Keywords: chronological age; dental age; Demirjian’s method; Nolla’s method.

Background:In the developing countries, enteric fever remains a significant problem of morbidity and mortality. S. Paratyphi A is the second most common cause of enteric fever after S. Typhi. The incidence of enteric fever caused by S. Paratyphi A has been increasing in South-East Asia, South Africa and the Indian subcontinent. Recently, there has been an upsurge in the occurrence of bacterial isolates that are resistant to ciprofloxacin, and the emergence of broad spectrum ␤lactamases in typhoidal salmonellae constitutes a new challenge to the clinician.Methods: Blood cultures were done for a total of 3,745 patients presenting with fever. Isolates were investigated using serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing; as well as phenotypic testing for the presence of efflux pumps. Molecular analysis of quinolone resistance was investigated via the detection of mutations in the gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes; restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the gyrA PCR fragment; and PCR screening for qnr gene and aac(6')-Ib-cr gene. Detection of ␤-lactamase gene by PCR-sequencing and IEF experiments. Genotypic characterization of representative S. Paratyphi A isolates was performed using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).Results: Of 284 S. Paratyphi A isolates obtained, 5 (1.7%) were MDR; 281 (98.9%) were NAR. Eighteen (6.3%) isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin. All the isolates were found to be susceptible to ceftriaxone. All ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates (isolates with MIC upto 8 g/mL) showed 3 mutations, two mutations within the QRDR of gyrA, and a single mutation in parC. Interestingly, isolates with ciprofloxacin MICs of ≥12 g/mL had 4 mutations, two mutations within the QRDR of gyrA, and two mutations also in parC. All isolates were negative for qnr (qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS) and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes. There was genotypic diversity among the S. Paratyphi A in our region. Overall, 11 different (non-clonal) PFGE patterns were observed at 95%.Conclusion: A high rate of ciprofloxacin resistance was observed, with steadily increasing NAR, but decreasing MDR. The fluoroquinolone use continues to expand and DCS and fluoroquinolone resistance drives the use of third-generation cephalosporin and other agents for the management of enteric fever.

Background: Impression making is one of the critical factors in determining success or failure of complete denture therapy. The precise reproduction of edentulous foundation is essential for retention, stability, and support of the removable prosthesis. Evidence suggests that there is variability in materials and techniques regarding impressions making for complete dentures. There is little published information on studies conducted among Nepalese Prosthodontists. The purpose of this study was to evaluate current materials andmethods for impressions for complete denture prosthodontics in Nepal. Materials & Methods: A questionnaire based survey was conducted among Nepalese Prosthodontists. Ethical approval for the beginning of the study was obtained via Institutional Review Committee, Nepal Medical College. A self-administered anonymous questionnaire was distributed to the participants. Data were analyzed by using frequency distribution.Results: Majority of responses indicated use of irreversible hydrocolloid in stock metal tray for making the preliminary impression. The selective pressure was the predominantly used impression philosophy (78.3%). The most common material for the fabrication of custom trays was autopolymerizing acrylic resin (96.7%). All respondents border molded the custom tray prior to making the final impression. The final impression materials used were zinc oxide eugenol impression paste (73.3%), polyvinylsiloxane (11.7%), polyether (11.7%) and polysulphide (3.3%). Conclusion: Although there is variability in impression materials andtechniques used by Prosthodontists in Nepal for the fabrication of complete dentures, the results showed interesting trends. Most practitioners followed the traditional techniques of complete denture impression procedures.Keywords: complete denture; custom tray; edentulism; impression.