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prefer to interact with social robots rather than people [26]. Social robots may be more interesting, engaging, and motivating for this population [27], and the use of child-preferred, intrinsic reinforcers leads to improvements in social engagement [27,28]. Social robots for individuals with ASD have shown promise in improving imitation, engagement, attention, initiation of social interaction, turn-taking, joint attention, attention span, eye contact, child-led speech, and the use of novel social behaviors [27,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. SAM robotCartoon-like or animalistic robots are more engaging for children with ASD; however, these robots typically offer only a limited range of facial expressions that do not generalize to the human face [37]. Taking these factors into account, the Socially Animated Machine (SAM) was created, which resembles a stuffed animal monkey with core features of a human face, including cartoon-like eyes, eyebrows, and a mouth (Figure 1).

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects one in 68 children. Children with ASD have 2 core areas of difficulty: social communication skills and restricted and repetitive interests and patterns of behavior. Children with social skills deficits are at higher risk of developing mental health problems, and underdeveloped social skills predict poorer quality of life in adulthood. Therapies have been developed to help people with ASD improve social abilities in childhood, often involving a clinician directly teaching social skills lessons, either one-on-one or in a group setting. However, children with ASD can become anxious when interacting with other people and have an intrinsic motivation to interact with technology. To capitalize on this interest, this research team developed a robot, the socially animated machine (SAM) to teach social skills to children with ASD. Previous research found that this intervention was feasible and enjoyable for children with ASD and average cognitive ability, and participants improved in complex emotion recognition following intervention. The purpose of this study was to determine whether participants of all IQ levels were motivated by the SAM intervention, and whether they improved on emotion identification, facial recognition, social skills, and adaptive behavior. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This study recruited 20 children with ASD ages 5–14. Children completed tasks measuring ASD symptoms, IQ, receptive language, facial recognition, and emotion identification and were assigned to the control group (nonemotion dance games with SAM robot) or the intervention group (emotion games with SAM robot). Parents and teachers completed questionnaires about the child’s social skills. Following the robot intervention, facial recognition, emotion identification, and social skills were measured again, and parents and children rated participant enjoyment during the robot interaction. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Overall, parents and children in both groups rated the robot interaction as highly enjoyable and motivating (parent ratings: M=26.4 out of 30, child ratings: M=17.5 out of 20). There were no differences between groups on post-test measures when controlling for pre-test scores (all p>0.05). Both groups improved over time on emotion identification accuracy (intervention: M=13.0% improvement, t=2.57, p<0.05; control: M=10.2% improvement, t=2.38, p<0.05) and parent-rated social skills (intervention: pre-test M=113.8, post-test M=100.6, t=−3.37, p=0.01; Control: pre-test M=107.9, post-test M=89.0, t=−2.83, p<0.05; decrease in scores indicates improvement). Teachers saw a decrease in problem behaviors for the intervention group (pre-test M=127.4, post-test M=119.6, t=−3.79, p<0.01, decrease in scores indicates improvement). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This study shows that children with ASD and all levels of cognitive ability enjoyed and were motivated by the SAM robot intervention. This is particularly important for children with ...

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