Background:In 2013 the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) introduced "Milestones" designed to nationally standardize the assessment of resident physicians. Previous studies compare resident self-assessment on milestones to faculty assessment, with varying degrees of agreement, but integration of self-assessment into the formative feedback process has not yet been directly studied. This study uses a conceptual framework of self-determination theory, integrated with concepts from adult learning theory, to compare the perception of the feedback quality given in semiannual reviews before and after the incorporation of resident self-assessment into the feedback process. Methods:This was an interventional study conducted in a single emergency medicine residency program at a major academic hospital over 1 calendar year. Residents first engaged in a semiannual review without self-assessment. At subsequent semiannual reviews, residents completed a Milestone-based self-assessment that was provided to the faculty member assigned to conduct their semiannual review. Residents and faculty completed surveys rating perception of feedback quality. Two-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used in comparison analysis.Results: One resident did not self-assess prior to the semiannual review and was excluded leaving 25 paired surveys for analysis. Residents found feedback after the self-assessment more actionable (p = 0.013), insightful (p = 0.010), and better overall (p = 0.025). Similarly, faculty felt the feedback they provided was more actionable (p < 0.001), more insightful (p < 0.001), and better communicated (p < 0.001); led to improved resident understanding of milestones (p < 0.001); and were overall more satisfied (p < 0.001). Free-text comments explore pre-and postintervention perceptions of feedback.Conclusions: Integration of self-assessment into semiannual reviews improves perception of feedback given to residents as perceived by both residents and faculty.Although limited by sample size, the results are promising for a simple, evidence-based intervention to improve feedback during an existing mandated feedback opportunity.