CO 2 emissions are set to hit record levels in 2023, and there is no sign of peaking. The energy sector, in particular, is a key source of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and central to efforts to combat climate change. The sector contributed to approximately three-quarters of GHG in 2021 as most energy generation globally comes from fossil fuels. Despite increased climate ambitions and net-zero commitments, many governments still intend to raise oil and gas production, also a result of the economic consequences of the war in Ukraine. Only a moderate decrease in coal production is predicted over the next decade, although 195 countries committed to the Paris Agreement in 2015 (IEA, 2021;Kong & Gallagher, 2021;Olivier & Peters, 2020). The agreement responds to the threat of climate change by holding the increase in global average temperature to 'well below' 2°C in this century, as well as to pursue efforts to limit the rise to 1.5°C.Consequently, the global pathway to net-zero emissions by 2050 requires governments to implement and strengthen climate policies. This requirement led to a broad range of policy approaches, strategic directions, and concrete government actions in recent years. In November 2021, the 26th UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties in Glasgow (COP26) accelerated action towards the goals of the Paris Agreement. This included pathways to scale up renewable energy use in emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs) as one of the most relevant mitigation measures to achieve the committed goals. On a national
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