The meta-analysis of heterogeneous studies with moderate methodological quality suggested that impairment of brachial FMD is significantly associated with future cardiovascular events. Further prospective randomized trials are warranted to confirm the efficacy of the usage of brachial FMD in the management of cardiovascular diseases.

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Structural analyses show that a viral protein and immunosuppressant drugs inhibit the phosphatase calcineurin by preventing substrate binding, and provide a model of a phosphatase engaged with its substrate.

The calculated amount of viable myocardium determined to lead to improved survival was different among imaging techniques. Thus, separate cutoff values for imaging modalities may be helpful in determining which patients with ICM benefit from revascularization.

To the Editor: Patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) due to left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction develop skeletal muscle alterations that contribute to lower peak aerobic capacity (1). Patients with type 2 diabetes develop skeletal muscle alterations similar to those of patients with CHF (2). To test the hypothesis that diabetes may further reduce peak aerobic capacity in patients with CHF, we prospectively measured peak oxygen uptake (peak VO 2 ) in 156 diabetic and nondiabetic patients with CHF who were matched for age and gender.A total of 156 patients met inclusion/exclusion criteria and agreed to participate in the study. We first identified 204 patients with CHF and diabetes among the 689 patients with LV ejection fraction Ͻ40% in our CHF clinic and then attempted to match these 204 diabetic patients for age and gender to the 485 remaining nondiabetic patients. We found age and gender matches for 106 of the 204 patients. Informed consent and complete data were obtained in 78 of the 106 matched patients. Inclusion criteria included: steady clinical state, ability to perform a maximal exercise test, and therapy consistent with current CHF guidelines. Exclusion criteria were: exertional angina or arrhythmias; systolic or diastolic blood pressure Ͼ160 and 90 mm Hg, respectively; joint, pulmonary, or peripheral arterial disease; participation in a training program; and active tobacco use. Glycosylated hemoglobin was measured in all patients. They had all undergone coronary angiography. Chronic kidney disease was defined by a creatinine clearance Ͻ50 ml/min (3). All patients were familiar with exercise testing and measurement of expired gas.Patients who met inclusion and exclusion criteria underwent evaluation of baseline physical activity. Plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) level and peak VO 2 were determined within one week of evaluation of physical activity. The average number of daily steps was used to quantify baseline physical activity (4). It was recorded daily and averaged over seven consecutive days. Ejection fraction was assessed by echocardiography. Plasma levels of BNP were measured using the triage immunoassay (Biosite Inc., San Diego, California). Peak VO 2 was measured during a symptomlimited treadmill exercise test. Patients who discontinued exercising for other than shortness of breath and fatigue or did not reach a respiratory exchange ratio Ͼ1.0 were excluded. Peak VO 2 was compared in diabetics and nondiabetics using the t test for two independent samples. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to assess the effect of diabetes on peak VO 2 controlling for hypertension, coronary artery disease (CAD), chronic kidney disease, BNP plasma level, LV ejection fraction, physical activity, and glycosylated hemoglobin. We aimed to have a minimum of 15 patients for each parameter that we anticipated to include in our regression model.Baseline characteristics and medications are summarized in Table 1. Hypertension and CAD were more prevalent in diabetics than in nondiabetics. Pla...