Portable blood physiology meters exist that enable researchers to measure various parameters in field settings rather than having to store and transport samples. Although there is need for more thorough calibrations of these devices, they have much promise for conservation physiology of vertebrates.

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) has caused a suite of environmental issues, however, little is known about how the partial pressure of CO 2 (pCO 2 ) in freshwater will be affected by climate change. Freshwater pCO 2 varies across systems and is controlled by a diverse array of factors, making it difficult to make predictions about future levels of pCO 2 . Recent evidence suggests that increasing levels of atmospheric CO 2 may directly increase freshwater pCO 2 levels in lakes, but rising atmospheric CO 2 may also indirectly impact freshwater pCO 2 levels in a variety of systems by affecting other contributing factors such as soil respiration, terrestrial productivity and climate regimes. Although future freshwater pCO 2 levels remain uncertain, studies have considered the potential impacts of changes to pCO 2 levels on freshwater biota. Studies to date have focused on impacts of elevated pCO 2 on plankton and macrophytes, and have shown that phytoplankton nutritional quality is reduced, plankton community structure is altered, photosynthesis rates increase and macrophyte distribution shifts with increasing pCO 2 . However, a number of key knowledge gaps remain and gaining a better understanding of how freshwater pCO 2 levels are regulated and how these levels may impact biota, will be important for predicting future responses to climate change.

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