Children and adolescents with polyarthritis are not at significantly elevated risk of psychological difficulties. Poor psychological outcome was associated with more severe physical disability but not with the level of disease activity.

A microphase-separated core−shell cylinder morphology has been observed, via transmission electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering, in diblock copolymers of polystyrene (PS) and poly(1,3-cyclohexadiene) (PCHD). The structures consist of PS cylindrical cores surrounded by PCHD cylindrical annuli which are then hexagonally packed in a matrix of PS. The materials were produced by anionic polymerization of styrene followed by 1,3-cyclohexadiene. Characterization by size exclusion chromatography revealed a main peak due to diblock with a very narrow molecular weight distribution. However, a significant amount of PS homopolymer (about 30%) was present in the as-synthesized materials. The as-synthesized materials with homopolymer present produced core−shell morphologies, and these structures became much more regular when the homopolymer was removed by fractionation. After fractionation, the pure core−shell forming diblocks had PCHD volume fractions of around 0.37 and polydispersities well under 1.1.

Objective: To develop a framework to guide the application of public health advocacy strategies aimed at preventing and reducing gambling‐related harm. Methods: A narrative review of theories of change and public health advocacy literature. Results: An eight‐step public health advocacy framework was created, which outlines the critical steps and considerations when developing and implementing successful change efforts. Implications for public health: To date, a clear public health advocacy approach to gambling harm prevention and reduction has not been well established. This study proposes a gambling‐specific framework to guide future public health advocacy efforts to prevent and reduce gambling harm.

The authors have stated the following conflict of interest: ST provides leadership and culture consultancy services to a sporting organisation that owns poker machines and receives sponsorship from the wagering industry. Some of these services relate to providing gambling harm prevention education to athletes.Aust NZ J Public Health. 2016; 40:211-7; doi: 10.1111/1753 Abstract:Objective: To explore the attitudes and opinions of public health experts in gambling and related unhealthy commodity industries towards the tactics used by the gambling industry to prevent reform and the advocacy responses to these tactics. Methods:In-depth interviews (30-60 minutes) with a convenience sample of 15 public health experts and stakeholders with a public health approach to gambling (n=10), or other unhealthy commodity industries (food, alcohol, tobacco, n=5). Results:Participants described the influences of political lobbying and donations on public policy, and industry framing of problem gambling as an issue of personal responsibility. Industry funding of, and influence over, academic research was considered to be one of the most effective industry tactics to resist reform. Participants felt there was a need to build stronger coalitions and collaborations between independent academics, and to improve the utilisation of media to more effectively shift perceptions of gambling harm away from the individual and towards the product. Conclusions and implications:Gambling industry tactics are similar to the tactics of other unhealthy commodity industries. However, advocacy initiatives to counter these tactics in gambling are less developed than in other areas. The formation of national public health coalitions, as well as a strong evidence base regarding industry tactics, will help to strengthen advocacy initiatives.

Background: Background: Public health advocacy is important in preventing harm and promoting health in communities. There has been little research into public health advocacy strategies which address gambling related harms. This study aimed to identify the role of advocacy in gambling reform, challenges to gambling advocacy implementation, and strategies that could facilitate change.Methods: Methods: Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with a sample of 50 stakeholders with backgrounds in gambling policy, research, health promotion, and advocacy. Participants were asked about how advocacy could be used to address gambling harm, and the range of barriers and facilitators for effective advocacy responses. A constant comparative method of analysis was used on the data.Results: Results: While participants perceived that there was a role for advocacy in preventing and reducing gambling related harm, they discussed a range of challenges. These included restrictions associated with funding of research and services, the power of the gambling industry, and the role of stigma in preventing people with lived experience of gambling from speaking about their experiences. Participants also described a range of facilitators of public health advocacy approaches, including independent funding sources, reframing the 'responsibility' debate, developing opportunities and capacity for people with lived experience of harm, and developing broadly based coalitions to enable cohesive and consistent advocacy responses to gambling harm. Conclusion: Conclusion:There is a clear role for public health advocacy approaches aimed at preventing and reducing gambling harm. Future research could identify how advocacy strategies may be implemented as a part of a comprehensive public health approach to gambling reform. Abstract 38Background: Public health advocacy is important in preventing harm and promoting 39 health in communities. There has been little research into public health advocacy 40 strategies that address gambling related harms. This study aimed to identify the role 41 of advocacy in gambling reform, challenges to gambling advocacy implementation 42 and strategies that could facilitate change. 43 44 Methods: Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with a sample of 50 45 stakeholders with backgrounds in gambling policy, research, health promotion and 46 advocacy. Participants were asked about how advocacy could be used to address 47