Objective: Review the clinical presentation, assessment, resuscitation, and medical and surgical management of dogs with hemoperitoneum.Etiology: Hemoperitoneum is defined as free intra‐abdominal hemorrhage. Hemoperitoneum occurs from traumatic and nontraumatic causes. Common etiologies include atraumatic rupture of intra‐abdominal masses, coagulopathies, as well as blunt, and penetrating trauma to the abdomen.Diagnosis: Definitive diagnosis of hemoperitoneum entails demonstration of free intra‐abdominal blood via paracentesis or diagnostic peritoneal lavage. Imaging and other diagnostic tests including coagulation studies may help to determine underlying causes of hemoperitoneum or concurrent organ dysfunction.Therapy: Goals of therapy for patients with hemoperitoneum include maintenance and restoration of effective circulating volume, maintenance and restoration of oxygen‐carrying capacity, and arrest of hemorrhage. These goals can be achieved via fluid resuscitation, administration of blood products or hemoglobin‐based oxygen carriers, as well as application of abdominal counterpressure, and surgical intervention. Surgery usually is required for bleeding intra‐abdominal neoplasms. Emergency surgery is recommended for hemorrhaging patients with penetrating trauma, gastric dilatation and volvulus, bleeding cysts, liver lobe torsion, splenic torsion, and any other condition resulting in organ ischemia.Prognosis: Prognosis in patients with hemoperitoneum may depend on the underlying cause and concurrent injuries.

Surnmag7The rnedicairecords#39 dogs and 8 cats which hadjqimostomyJeeding tubes placed using mod-&ications @aprevious~descn~ed surgikal technique were retrospecn"ve~reviewed. Mod&?cations included the addition oJa suture to anchor theJeeding tube to t?ze~ijunum, the use oJa continuous chcumferential suture to pew the@unum to the abdominal wal[ and the placement oJa skin suture that penetrated deep into the abdominal wall~asa"a.All tubes were placed during surgical treatment OJa pn'ma~intraabdominal disease. i%bes were used~or~eeding J70m 1 to 41 days (average 9.? dqys). Sixteen patients (3'4%) developed mild to moderate complications such as chewing at the tube, inadvertent tube removal tube obstruction, and celhditis around the ostomy site. 7hreepatienti (6%) developed severe complications associated with breakdown o~t.hesur@"cal site. Z7zemod@edJkjunostomy technique was e~ective~or placement ofJkjunostomy tubes ax a complementa~procedure to exploratory celiotomy.

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This prospective, multicenter study evaluated the use of four polymeric liquid enteral (PLE) diets manufactured for dogs and cats in 200 ill or injured patients. Polymeric liquid enteral diets were administered by free-choice feeding, syringe, or feeding tube for up to 208 days. Overall results indicated a 4.9% incidence of vomiting in dogs and a 7.9% incidence in cats; an 8.9% incidence of diarrhea in dogs and an 18.4% incidence in cats. Patients fed the PLE diets seven days or longer had an average increase in body weight of 1.4% in dogs, an average decrease in body weight of 3.8% in cats, increases in lymphocyte counts, and mild decreases in serum albumin.

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