Abstract

Scanning electron nanobeam diffraction, or 4D-STEM (four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy), is a flexible and powerful approach to elucidate structure from "soft" materials that are challenging to image in the transmission electron microscope because their structure is easily damaged by the electron beam. In a 4D-STEM experiment, a converged electron beam is scanned across the sample and a pixelated camera records a diffraction pattern at each scan position. This four-dimensional dataset can be mined for various analyses, producing maps of local crystal orientation, structural distortions, crystallinity, or different structural classes.Holding the sample at cryogenic temperatures minimizes diffusion of radicals and the resulting damage and disorder caused by the electron beam. The total fluence of incident electrons can easily be controlled during 4D-STEM experiments by careful use of the beam blanker, steering of the localized electron dose, and by minimizing the fluence in the convergent beam thus minimizing beam damage. This technique can be applied to both organic and inorganic materials that are known to be beam-sensitive; they can be highly crystalline, semi-crystalline, mixed phase, or amorphous (examples are shown in Figure 1). One common example is the case for many organic materials that have a - stacking of polymer chains or rings on the order of 3.4-4.2 Å separation.If these chains or rings are aligned in some regions, they will produce distinct diffraction spots (as would other crystalline spacings in this range), though they may be weak or diffuse for disordered or weakly-scattering materials. We can reconstruct the orientation of the - stacking, the degree of - stacking in the sample, and the domain size of the aligned regions. This account summarizes illumination conditions and experimental parameters for 4D-STEM experiments with the goal of producing images of structural features for materials that are beam-sensitive. We will discuss experimental parameters including sample cooling, probe size and shape, fluence, and cameras. 4D-STEM has been applied to a variety of materials, not only as an advanced technique for model systems, but as a technique for the beginning microscopist to answer materials science questions. It is noteworthy that the experimental data acquisition does not require an aberrationcorrected TEM, but can be produced on a variety of instruments with the right attention to experimental parameters.

The anode-free sodium battery with a nucleation layer is presented as a low-cost, high-performance option for stationary electric storage.