M igration is an integral part of the ongoing process of globalization. estimates by the United nations indicate that in 2010 one out of every twenty-five persons lived outside of his or her country of birth. and this number promises to increase. a gallup poll conducted in 135 countries between 2007 and 2009 finds that approximately 16 percent of those surveyed wish to move permanently to another country. their top destination choices are countries such as the United states, canada, the United Kingdom, france, spain, germany, and australia. 1 the determinants of migrant flows and the factors that lead individuals to choose one destination over another are the questions that motivate this article. we are, of course, not the first to ask these questions. geographer e. g. ravenstein argued in 1885 that the distance between origins and destinations is a key factor conditioning flows of labor. 2 economists such as george Borjas and timothy hatton and John williamson acknowledge that although distance increases the costs of migration, those costs may be mitigated by wage differentials between origin and destination countries. 3 and scholars such as Douglas *we are grateful to sonal Pandya, Maggie Peters, Mariana rodriguez, and seminar participants at new york University, yale University, texas a&M, University of virginia, vanderbilt University, college of william and Mary, University of colorado, and Duke University for constructive comments and criticisms, to anna Maria Mayda and giovanni Peri for generously sharing data, and to claus hofhansel for useful advice. funding from the center to advance research and teaching in the social sciences at the University of colorado is gratefully acknowledged.

Abstract:We quantified elemental signatures in statoliths of 718 Patagonian longfin squid (Loligo gahi) collected in the vicinity of the Falkland Islands (southwest Atlantic) and at sites on the Patagonian Shelf and coastal Peru. All squid were assigned to a spawning cohort by size, spawning condition, and back-calculated spawning date based on daily increments in statoliths. The remaining statolith was then analyzed for six elemental ratios (Mg/Ca, Mn/Ca, Sr/Ca, Cd/Ca, Ba/Ca, and Pb/Ca) using high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Elemental concentrations in the statoliths were broadly similar to other biogenic aragonites. Differences in Sr/Ca ratios in statoliths among geographic locations were generally consistent with a negative correlation between Sr/Ca and temperature. Variations in statolith Cd/Ca and Ba/Ca values confirmed that during winter months, the squid were foraging deeper in the water column. Both Mg/Ca and Mn/Ca ratios in statoliths decreased with squid size, probably corresponding to a decrease in the contribution of the organic component of the statolith. Elemental signatures in the statoliths of L. gahi varied significantly geographically and between spring-and autumn-spawned cohorts, which must therefore have spent significant portions of their life histories in different environments. Résumé : Nous avons quantifié les signatures d'éléments dans les statolithes de 718 calmars patagons (Loligo gahi)récoltés dans les environs des îles Falkland (Atlantique sud) et à certains sites sur la plate-forme patagonienne et la côte du Pérou. Tous les calmars ont été assignés à une cohorte de fraye d'après leur taille, leur état reproductif et leur date de fraye déterminée par rétrocalcul à partir des couches de croissance journalière sur les statolithes. Nous avons déterminé six rapports d'éléments dans le second statolithe, soit Mg/Ca, Mn/Ca, Sr/Ca, Cd/Ca, Ba/Ca et Pb/Ca, après une analyse par spectrométrie de masse à source de plasma à couplage inductif (ICP-MS) de haute résolution. Les concentrations d'éléments dans les statolithes sont grossièrement semblables à celles des autres aragonites d'origine biologique. Les différences de Sr/Ca dans les statolithes provenant des diverses localités géographiques s'accordent en général avec la corrélation négative qui existe entre Sr/Ca et la température. Les variations de Cd/Ca et de Ba/Ca dans les statolithes confirment que durant les mois d'hiver les calmars recherchent leur nourriture à de plus grandes profondeurs dans la colonne d'eau. Les rapports Mg/Ca et Mn/Ca déclinent tous les deux à mesure que le calmar grandit, ce qui correspond probablement à une diminution de la contribution de la composante organique du statolithe. Les signatures des éléments des statolithes de L. gahi varient de façon significative en fonction du site géographique, ainsi qu'entre les cohortes pondues au printemps et à l'automne, qui doivent alors avoir passé une partie significative de leur temps dans des environnements différents.[Traduit par l...

When people say that they trust local authorities, is it simply because they have generalized trust in national government? Or is trust in local government rooted in distinctive considerations, connected to the character of local communities and the balance of power across levels of government? We explore how trust in local and national government differs across individuals and across countries in western Europe. We find that people trust local government for different reasons than those that drive trust in national government. Cross-national differences in levels of trust in government reflect the character of national institutions. While both proportional representation systems and federal systems are power-sharing designs, each has distinctive consequences for trust. When opportunities for voice in local government are high, as in decentralized systems, people report greater trust in local government. When opportunities for voice in national government are limited, as in majoritarian systems, people report lower trust for national government and higher trust in local government.

No abstract

Genomic studies of invasive species can reveal both invasive pathways and functional differences underpinning patterns of colonization success. The European green crab (Carcinus maenas) was initially introduced to eastern North America nearly 200 years ago where it expanded northwards to eastern Nova Scotia. A subsequent invasion to Nova Scotia from a northern European source allowed further range expansion, providing a unique opportunity to study the invasion genomics of a species with multiple invasions. Here, we use restriction‐site‐associated DNA sequencing‐derived SNPs to explore fine‐scale genomewide differentiation between these two invasions. We identified 9137 loci from green crab sampled from 11 locations along eastern North America and compared spatial variation to mitochondrial COI sequence variation used previously to characterize these invasions. Overall spatial divergence among invasions was high (pairwise FST ~0.001 to 0.15) and spread across many loci, with a mean FST ~0.052 and 52% of loci examined characterized by FST values >0.05. The majority of the most divergent loci (i.e., outliers, ~1.2%) displayed latitudinal clines in allele frequency highlighting extensive genomic divergence among the invasions. Discriminant analysis of principal components (both neutral and outlier loci) clearly resolved the two invasions spatially and was highly correlated with mitochondrial divergence. Our results reveal extensive cryptic intraspecific genomic diversity associated with differing patterns of colonization success and demonstrates clear utility for genomic approaches to delineating the distribution and colonization success of aquatic invasive species.