OBJECTIVE To estimate an appropriate isolation period for dogs infected with canine influenza A H3N2 virus on the basis of the duration of virus shedding. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 16 dogs, from 3 Chicago area shelters, naturally infected with canine influenza A H3N2 virus. PROCEDURES Medical records of 16 affected dogs were reviewed. Nasal swab specimens from each dog had been tested periodically for a minimum of 15 days following an initial positive real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (rRT-PCR) assay result for influenza A virus shedding. Amplicons were purified, quantified, and sequenced by the Sanger DNA sequencing technique. Virus isolation and sequence results of canine influenza A H3N2 virus from nasal swab specimens were obtained in conjunction with signalment, description of clinical signs, type of treatment, and outcome. RESULTS Viruses from each dog were identified as canine influenza A H3N2 virus on the basis of DNA sequencing. The interval between first and last positive rRT-PCR assay results ranged from 13 to 24 days, whereas the time interval from first reported clinical signs to last positive assay results ranged from 15 to 26 days. Isolation of canine influenza A H3N2 virus was successful in the late shedding period from nasal swab specimens of 4 dogs at 15 and 20 days after the first positive rRT-PCR assay result and 18 to 20 days after the first clinical signs. Clinical signs resolved for all dogs that remained in the shelters during the testing period. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dogs infected with H3N2 virus should be isolated for a period of ≥ 21 days following onset of illness. Even when resolution of clinical signs occurs sooner than 21 days, shedding of H3N2 virus may persist.

An 11-d-old Holstein bull calf was presented to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at the University of Wisconsin-Madison because of a 4-d history of diarrhea and persistent low-grade fever. Initial diagnosis was enteritis caused by Cryptosporidium and rotavirus. During hospitalization, the calf became stuporous and was only responsive to noxious stimuli, with hypotonia of all 4 limbs, tail, head, and neck. A cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed xanthochromia, with marked lymphocytic pleocytosis, which was suggestive of viral meningitis and/or encephalitis. Aichivirus B, which belongs to the Kobuvirus genus, was tentatively identified in spinal fluid by next-generation DNA sequencing. This virus can affect a multitude of species, including humans and cattle, and has been isolated from both healthy and diarrheic individuals. However, to date, a possible connection with neurologic disease has not been described, to our knowledge.

Abstract. Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is an infectious agent of concern in the international export of bovine products; it is endemic in the United States, but it has been eradicated in many countries of the European Union (EU). For export of semen to the EU, accurate assessment of BoHV-1 status of the bull is required and is usually accomplished by measuring the level of antibody to the virus. The gold standard is virus neutralization (VN) using overnight incubation with the virus, a test approved by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is also approved for international trade. The lone U.S. Department of Agriculture-approved commercial ELISA was compromised with specificity problems, which necessitated the development of a different ELISA. Of 4 monoclonal antibodies evaluated, 1 directed against glycoprotein C of BoHV-1 was found to be the most reliable. One hundred twenty-eight characterized positive samples and 334 negative serum samples were tested. The blocking ELISA showed 97.7% sensitivity and 99.4% specificity as compared with OIE VN. The Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory ELISA fulfills the OIE requirement for a blocking or competitive ELISA to qualify animals for export to BoHV-1-free countries.

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