The concept of resiliency is looked upon differently in the Western world. It is a concept that is applied to everything such as from not making it to a professional sports league to not being able to win a first place in any competition, or to not being able to obtain a dream job. The Western countries tend to apply the concept of resiliency to different tenets of their cultures and societies (Reich, Zautra, & Hall, 2010). While it is used to describe less life impacting issues, resiliency is a concept that is utilized to describe individuals overcoming life altering events such as terrorism, mass shootings, and physical or sexual assault. Each of us possesses either risk or protective factors that affect our ability to cope and be resilient in life. Risk and protective factors range from genetic to environmental factors. This article employs a meta-analysis review of literature knowledge to explore the concept of resiliency and how adverse events can influence protective and risk factors by making use of the concept of resiliency. In this article, the authors accept the Reich et al., 2010 definition of resiliency, as being able to adapt and overcome adversity and how current methods of treatment may influence protective factors. An array of professionals in practice employing current treatment modalities argue that one builds resilience through self-reflection, by identifying their relationships, and environmental factors (Reich et al., 2010). Keywords: Resilience, Resiliency, Protective factors, Risk factors

Dying is inevitable; however, people respond to the concept of death differently. One’s response varies on his/her attitude towards religion and non-believers. There are five different death attitudes: (a) neutral acceptance which suggest that death is a part of life; (b) approach acceptance which holds a positive attitude towards death because one will have a happy afterlife; (c) escape acceptance wherein death is welcomed and seen as a way out for a life filled with pain, misery, and suffering; (d) fear of death is when a sense of fear is evoked by confrontations with death; (e) and death avoidance is when an individual avoids the topic of death in order to reduce death anxiety (Harding, Flannelly, Weaver, & Costa, 2005; Wong, 2008). While religious believers were able to forgive and found overall improved health; religion increased death anxiety as compared to non-believers. However, religion further helped with coping with the inevitable, death. Many studies found that there is a negative correlation between death anxiety and death acceptance. Despite religion helping one cope, it is also a source of stress for an individual facing death due to questioning their life choices and good deeds. This paper employs meta-analysis of seminal knowledge and statistical analysis to examine if religion influences death attitudes from mental health perspective. Keywords: Religion, Death Attitude, Death Anxiety, Death Fear, Mental Health Perspective

The authors’ agree that clinical supervision is critical to therapists’ professional development whether the therapist is a veteran or a novice. It is equally important when conducting individual or group therapy sessions. The important aspect of clinical supervision is that it enhances lifelong learning and transforms relationships in the workplace. Regardless of the level of education that the therapist may attain [masters or doctorate]; an effective clinical supervision improves clinical and personal experiences. Moreover, clinical supervisors should support effective clinical supervision because it supports therapists’ employment longevity and helps them to develop exceptional clinical skills within their professional fields. The authors utilized meta-analysis of scholarly knowledge of prior research studies on the topic of group and individual clinical supervision in order to educate academics and therapists about the importance of comparing group and individual supervision as well as the pathway to professional development. The authors did not utilize the scholarly knowledge of prior research studies to create new knowledge; however, the authors’ primary purpose of this article is to enhance understanding of group and individual clinical supervision and how it can improve therapists’ professional development. Keywords: Group Supervision, Individual Supervision, Clinical Supervision

Juvenile delinquency has improved by 65 percent from 1980 through 2016. The criminal justice system has explored various means of treating juvenile delinquents over the years to improve recidivism rates and to give youth a rewarding adult life. Most juvenile delinquency programs use a Usual Community Service (UCS) treatment method while the youth are incarcerated or immediately after release. UCS uses cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques to help the juvenile link their thoughts and behaviors. While Short-term Behavioral Therapy did not take off with the public or juvenile justice system, Multisystemic Therapy (MST) has showed progress in reducing recidivism of juvenile offenders. Studies have found that engaging the family in the treatment process has contributed to the reduced recidivism rates. For example, participants that enrolled in the UCS treatment modality had an increased recidivism rate of 75 percent while 29.2 percent of the group members from the MST recidivated within a year. At the end of a longitudinal study (8.9 years), researchers found that juveniles who received UCS treatment re-offended with a sex crime 45.8 percent and 58.3 percent re-offended for non-sexual crimes. After incarceration, 24 families participated in the MST treatment model. After a year, 8.3 percent re-offended for a sex crime and 29.2 percent re-offended with a non-sexual crime. Therefore, a family-based therapy model is salient to reduce recidivism compared to CBT based. This paper employs a meta-analysis and statistical analysis of seminal knowledge and law enforcement reports to construct the importance of effective therapeutic treatments by comparing treatment modalities for juvenile delinquents. Keywords: Juvenile Delinquency, Youth, Usual Community Service, Short-term Behavioral, Therapy, Systems Theory, Multisystemic Therapy, Recidivism, Antisocial Behavior