In this study we attempted to measure changes in the mental representation of a visually presented pattern induced by a prior sequence of static displays. In Experiment 1 we showed subjects a static rectangle at three orientations along a possible path of rotation, each orientation being separated temporally with an interstimulus interval (ISI) of 250 ms. They were instructed to remember the third orientation in the sequence and were then presented with a rectangle at a fourth orientation that was either the same as, or different from, the third. There were two ways the orientation could be different: It.could be a small rotation in the same direction as the implicit motion or an equally small rotation in the opposite direction. Subjects found it much harder to detect differences in the direction of implicit motion, suggesting that their memory for the third orientation had been distorted along that direction. Irf Experiment 2 we found that this effect completely disappeared when the ordering of the first two orientations was reversed so that there was no longer a consistent path of implicit motion. Experiment 3 showed that when there is a consistent path of implicit motion the effect can still be found up to ISIs of 500 ms, although the effect weakens'with longer ISIs. We interpret these results as evidence for a mental analogue to the momentum of a moving physical object.

Research has documented the profound negative impact of betrayal within experiences of interpersonal trauma such as sexual assault (Freyd, 1994, 1996; Freyd, DePrince, & Gleaves, 2007). In the current study of college women (N = 345, 79% Caucasian; mean age = 19.69 years, SD = 2.55), we examined whether institutional failure to prevent sexual assault or respond supportively when it occurs may similarly exacerbate posttraumatic symptomatology-what we call "institutional betrayal." Almost half (47%) of the women reported at least one coercive sexual experience and another 21% reported no coercion, but at least one unwanted sexual experience (total reporting unwanted sexual experiences, N = 233). Institutional betrayal (e.g., creating an environment where these experiences seemed more likely, making it difficult to report these experiences) was reported across different unwanted sexual experiences (47% and 45% of women reporting coercion and no coercion, respectively). Those women who reported institutional betrayal surrounding their unwanted sexual experience reported increased levels of anxiety (R(2) = .10), trauma-specific sexual symptoms (R(2) = .17), dissociation (R(2) = .11), and problematic sexual functioning (R(2) = .12). These results suggest that institutions have the power to cause additional harm to assault survivors.

This article pursues the possibility that perceivers are sensitive to implicit dynamic information even when they are not able to observe real-time change. Recent empirical results in the domains of handwriting recognition and picture perception are discussed in support of the hypothesis that perception involves acquiring information about transitions, whether the stimuli are static or dynamic.

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ABSTRACT.A new survey of potentially traumatic events was administered to a large community sample on two occasions, three years apart. In contrast to previous surveys, this one included separate items for events that involve mistreatment by someone close, mistreatment by someone not so close, and non-interpersonal events. For both kinds of