BackgroundResponses to public health need require information on the distribution of mental and physical ill health by demographic and socioeconomic factors at the local community level.MethodsThe South East London Community Health (SELCoH) study is a community psychiatric and physical morbidity survey. Trained interviewers conducted face-to-face computer assisted interviews with 1698 adults aged 16 years and over, from 1076 randomly selected private households in two south London boroughs. We compared the prevalence of common mental disorders, hazardous alcohol use, long standing illness and general physical health by demographic and socioeconomic indicators. Unadjusted and models adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic indicators are presented for all logistic regression models.ResultsOf those in the sample, 24.2% reported common mental disorder and 44.9% reported having a long standing illness, with 15.7% reporting hazardous alcohol consumption and 19.2% rating their health as fair or poor. The pattern of indicators identifying health inequalities for common mental disorder, poor general health and having a long term illness is similar; individuals who are socioeconomically disadvantaged have poorer health and physical health worsens as age increases for all groups. The prevalence of poor health outcomes by ethnic group suggests that there are important differences between groups, particularly for common mental disorder and poor general health. Higher socioeconomic status was protective for common mental disorder, fair or poor health and long standing illness, but those with higher socioeconomic status reported higher levels of hazardous alcohol use. The proportion of participants who met the criteria for common mental disorder with co-occurring functional limitations was similar or greater to those with poor physical health.ConclusionsHealth service providers and policy makers should prioritise high risk, socially defined groups in combating inequalities in individual and co-occurring poor mental and physical problems. In population terms, poor mental health has a similar or greater burden on functional impairment than long term conditions and perceived health.

Recent studies have identified a role for insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) in promoting motility and metastasis in breast cancer. However, no published studies to date have examined IRS-2 expression in human breast tumors. We examined IRS-2 expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in normal breast tissue, benign breast lesions, and malignant breast tumors from the institutional pathology archives and a tumor microarray from a separate institution. Three distinct IRS-2 staining patterns were noted: diffusely cytoplasmic, punctate cytoplasmic, and localized to the cell membrane. The individual and pooled datasets were analyzed for associations of IRS-2 staining pattern with core clinical parameters and clinical outcomes. Univariate analysis revealed a trend toward decreased overall survival (OS) with IRS-2 membrane staining, and this association became significant upon multivariate analysis (P = 0.01). In progesterone receptor negative (PR−) tumors, in particular, IRS-2 staining at the membrane correlated with significantly worse OS than other IRS-2 staining patterns (P < 0.001). When PR status and IRS-2 staining pattern were evaluated in combination, PR− tumors with IRS-2 at the membrane were associated with a significantly decreased OS when compared with all other combinations (P = 0.002). Evaluation of Correspondence to: Leslie M. Shaw, leslie.shaw@umassmed.edu. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article

BackgroundReliance on national figures may be underestimating the extent of mental ill health in urban communities. This study demonstrates the necessity for local information on common mental disorder (CMD) and substance use by comparing data from the South East London Community Health (SELCoH) study with those from a national study, the 2007 English Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Study (APMS).Methodology/Principal FindingsData were used from two cross-sectional surveys, 1698 men and women residing in south London and 7403 men and women in England. The main outcome, CMD, was indicated by a score of 12 or above on the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule. Secondary outcomes included hazardous alcohol use and illicit drug use. SELCoH sample prevalence estimates of CMD were nearly twice that of the APMS England sample estimates. There was a four-fold greater proportion of depressive episode in the SELCoH sample than the APMS sample. The prevalence of hazardous alcohol use was higher in the national sample. Illicit drug use in the past year was higher in the SELCoH sample, with cannabis and cocaine the illicit drugs reported most frequently in both samples. In comparisons of the SELCoH sample with the APMS England sample and the APMS sample from the Greater London area in combined datasets, these differences remained after adjusting for socio-demographic and socioeconomic indicators for all outcomes.Conclusions/SignificanceLocal information for estimating the prevalence of CMD and substance use is essential for surveillance and service planning. There were similarities in the demographic and socioeconomic factors related to CMD and substance use across samples.

Aerobic oxidation of 2-aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines was achieved photocatalytically using chalcogenorosamine photocatalysts and LED irradiation. The photocatalytic aza-Henry reaction between these substrates and nitromethane was more efficient with selenorosamine and tellurorosamine photocatalysts than with thiorosamine and rosamine photocatalysts, corresponding to the propensity of the photocatalysts to generate singlet oxygen (1O2). Appropriately, yields for the photocatalytic aza-Henry reaction were greatly reduced when the reactions were conducted under a nitrogen atmosphere. The 2-aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines were oxidized to the corresponding 2-aryl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolones 13a–13c with selenorosamine and tellurorosamine photocatalysts in 2% aqueous acetonitrile. Di-2-aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl peroxides 14a and 14b were shown to be intermediates in this reaction. Thiorosamine photocatalysts, which do generate 1O2 upon irradiation, did not give 2-aryl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolones. These results suggested that the exciplex between 1O2 and the chalcogen atom of the chalcogenorosamines (the corresponding pertelluoxide, perselenoxide, or persulfoxide) and/or the hydrated perchalcogenoxide [hydroxy (perhydroxy)­tellurane, -selenane, or -thiane] might be an active oxidant in the formation of 13a–13c. Computational methods were employed to provide support for the observed photocatalytic reactivity of the tellurorhodamine and selenorhodamine chromophores compared to the thiorosamine chromophores. ΔG values were determined for the oxidation and hydration of 10-Te, 10-Se, and 10-S for formation of perchalcogenoxides and hydroxyl­(perhydroxy)­chalcogenanes, respectively. Calculations indicate formation of the pertelluroxide perselenoxide, and persulfoxide exciplex intermediates are energetically favorable. Hydration of the exciplexes of 10-Te and 10-Se have similarly small ΔG of −3.49 and 4.51 kcal/mol, respectively. However, a significantly higher ΔG value of +22.4 kcal/mol is observed for the hydration of 10-S, which suggests that this reactive intermediate is not readily formed.

The insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling pathway has been implicated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) outcomes and resistance to targeted therapies. However, little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms by which this pathway contributes to the biology of NSCLC. The insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins are cytoplasmic adaptor proteins that signal downstream of the IGF-1R and determine the functional outcomes of this signaling pathway. In this study, we assessed the expression patterns of IRS-1 and IRS-2 in NSCLC to identify associations between IRS-1 and IRS-2 expression levels and survival outcomes in the two major histological subtypes of NSCLC, adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). High IRS-2 expression was significantly associated with decreased overall survival in adenocarcinoma (ADC) patients, whereas low IRS-1 cytoplasmic expression showed a trend toward association with decreased overall survival in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) patients. Tumors with low IRS-1 and high IRS-2 expression were found to be associated with poor outcomes in ADC and SCC, indicating a potential role for IRS-2 in the aggressive behavior of NSCLC. Our results suggest distinct contributions of IRS-1 and IRS-2 to the biology of ADC and SCC that impact disease progression.