Attention determines what we selectively perceive out of all available stimuli. The multiple-object tracking paradigm is a way of examining divided attention for object tracking in a complex visual scene. Mindfulness is a broad term for a set of diverse and specific methods for distinct attentional engagement and is one technique for increasing visual attentional ability and decreasing distractibility. Neurofeedback can be a way of enhancing mindfulness training for novice participants. This study examined the relationship between attention and mindfulness with neurofeedback through performance on a multiple-object tracking task and the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. We examined the effectiveness of using a brief mindfulness session to bring about state mindfulness and cognitive enhancement. All participants (N=90) performed a session of the multiple-object tracking task before and after either a mindfulness or relaxation intervention. Additionally half of the participants in the mindfulness training condition received neurofeedback. Results demonstrated that a single, brief mindfulness training session with neurofeedback was successful in increasing divided attention ability and was sufficient for bringing about an increased mindfulness state. An effect of mindfulness without neurofeedback on attention was not found. Results have implications for the use of brief mindfulness practices in a laboratory setting that could be applicable to a real world setting and the feasibility of neurofeedback as a mindfulness training tool. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work is the result of many individuals. First, thanks are due to the other students of the SJSU M.A Experimental and Research Psychology program, Kallan Christensen, Alley Rogers, Preston Brown, Eldita Tarani, and Adrian Davis, for many helpful conversations, advice and long nights of hard work together. Second, great appreciation is due to my parents and brother, John, Ellen, and Michael Brennan for their love, support, care packages, and guidance from the moment the pursuit of this goal began until now. Thirdly, a huge amount of gratitude is to due to all of the friends, Anthony Simonelli, Tricia Kennedy, Angie Giordano, and partner, Michael Harris, for the encouragement and support to make this happen. Lastly, to the reviewers who remain anonymous, and the many faculty members at San Jose State University who helped develop the skills necessary to complete this thesis. vi
