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Hand trauma can have devastating long-term consequences on a patient’s quality of life as well as their ability to care for themselves and their family. This is especially true when upper extremity trauma is combined with digit amputation. Although acute operative management will minimize the tissue’s ischemic time, anesthetic management may also impact graft survival. Perineural brachial plexus catheters may also improve patient outcomes through sympathetic blockade, resulting in vasodilation and improved graft perfusion. Regional anesthesia may provide further benefits by reducing the risk of chronic postsurgical pain. Conversely, compartment syndrome is a significant risk for patients with forearm trauma. While regional anesthesia techniques have not been shown to mask compartment syndrome, vigilance by all medical team members and constant communication are essential for early detection to decrease morbidity and mortality.

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Close your eyes. Bring into focus the picture of the cafeteria in your grade or high school, perhaps even your college dining hall. Where are you sitting? Who is sitting with you? The answer may vary depending on the racial and ethnic identities in the school of your memory. Twenty years ago, the question that plagued teachers and administrators witnessing this phenomenon was, "why?" Today, however, this still salient question is now charged with a new literacy of race consciousness as it is also shaped by the unfolding of new and heightened racial tensions. In 1997, Beverly Daniel Tatum published her first edition of Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria? And Other Conversations about Race in an attempt to explain why students of color seemed to be voluntarily engaged in self-segregation. Just before the publishing of her book, the nation witnessed the acquittal of Los Angeles police officers who were filmed beating black motorist, Rodney King, and the popular food chain Denny's was accused of racial discrimination against black patrons. Soon after, the controversial Bell Curve (Murray and Hernstein 1994) claimed that racial differences in IQ scores were not confined to environmental factors, black football legend and Heisman trophy winner, O. J. Simpson was found not guilty of the murders of Nicole Brown and Ron Goldman and a million black men marched on Washington. In Hopwood v. Texas, the U.S. Court of Appeals ruled that the use of affirmative action by the University of Texas law school was invalid. New York City police officers arrested and then beat and sodomized Haitian immigrant, Abner Louima. Enter Beverly Tatum who defined terms like "race," "racism," and "prejudice" for readers trying to make sense of a divided world. Along with white identity development, she covered early, adolescent, and adult racial identity development and provided examples of activities she assigned to her college students. In 1997, the book was immediately met with critical acclaim, became a national bestseller, and Tatum was sought out for her expertise on race and racism. Twenty years later, Tatum's updated book is a welcomed revision, offering the still foundational framework for understanding race relations in the United States