The present study examines the impact of experiences with individual, institutional, cultural, and collective racism on susceptibility to stereotype among African-descent persons within the United Kingdom (n = 103). Results of hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that (contrary to hypotheses) experiences with individual, institutional, and cultural racism were not significantly or marginally related to susceptibility to stereotype threat when entered together in Model 1. However (consistent with hypotheses), experience with collective racism was a significant positive predictor of susceptibility to stereotype threat after controlling for the effects of experiences with individual, institutional, and cultural racism in Model 2. Moreover (and Journal of Black Psychology 38(2) unexpectedly), once experience with collective racism was added, experience with cultural racism emerged as a marginal negative predictor of susceptibility to stereotype threat. Implications for the continuing relevance of Erving Goffman's symbolic interactionist theory and construct of stigma, along with Claude Steele's construct of stereotype threat, to the field of Black psychology is discussed.

THORNLEY, Wilson, Hormaeche, Oates and Coombs (1979) used a method of solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) devised for brucella antigens (Wilson, Thornley and Coombs, 1977) to detect gonococcal antigens in a buffer system. When this test was used to detect gonococcal antigens in urine samples, many were found to be strongly inhibitory. This paper describes a study of some of the properties of the inhibitors and ways of neutralising them. MATERIALS AND METHODSIn general, materials and methods were as described by Thornley et al. (1979). Any differences are set out below.Urine samples from healthy men and men with non-specific urethritis or gonorrhoea were as used previously (Thornley et al. 1979). Samples were also obtained from healthy women members of the laboratory staff. Further samples from men and women were obtained by courtesy of Dr J. G. Lines, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. These, referred to as " biochemical-test urines " had usually been sent to the laboratory for assessment of the subjects' renal function; the majority had normal renal function, and were free from genitaltract infections. One urine sample (no. 5), obtained from the Public Health Laboratory, Cambridge, was from a woman with cystitis. It was sterile when cultured but contained about 75 OOO pus cells/mm3. The samples were stored at 5°C.Preparation of urine supernatants. When stored at 5°C many of the samples formed flocculent precipitates, which might have been expected to trap bacterial antigens. All were kept at 37°C for 30 min. to allow as much precipitate as possible to dissolve and portions were then centrifuged at 2000 g for 10 min. before the supernatants (SN) were separated.Immunosorbent treatment of supernatants to remove immunoglobulins. To remove all human immunoglobulins and especially potentially inhibitory antigonococcal IgG or IgA, urine supernatants were treated with an adsorbent made by cyanogen bromide linkage (Wide, 1969) of cellulose to rabbit anti-human myeloma IgG; this reacted also with IgA through light-chain determinants.The effectiveness of this reagent was tested by absorbing 10 ml of a 1 in 10 dilution of normal human serum with 2 mg of the immunosorbent, with rotation of the mixture overnight at room temperature. The absorbed serum was shown by haemagglutination inhibition to contain less than 0.25% of the immunoglobulin originally present. The same method of absorption was applied to 10-ml portions of urine supernatants, which were then separated from the cellulose reagent before testing by RIA for inhibitory activity.Fractionation of urine by dialysis and salt precipitation. Some urine samples were dialysed for 2 days at 5°C against three changes of distilled water containing sodium azide 0.02% (w/v). The inhibitory activity of dialysed urine was then either compared with that of an THORNLEY, ANDREWS, BRlGGS AND LEIGHuntreated sample of the same urine or the dialysed urine was further fractionated by precipitation with 0 . 5 8~ sodium chloride overnight at 5"C, followed by centrifugation at 20 000 g f...

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Toddler tantrums are a typical part of child development but can cause stress to the teacher–child relationship (Schindler et al., 2015). Understanding how to resolve tantrums is an important skill, yet there is little research to guide teachers. The present study observed two toddler‐classrooms, examining teachers' responses to 46 tantrums, and the results of these responses. Exploratory analysis examined the applicability of a popular framework for conceptualizing tantrums as emotional or cognitive. Results suggest when toddler teachers used a combination of emotionally supportive strategies, 91% of tantrums were resolved. The use of controlling strategies suggests teachers need support on effective responses to tantrums. The ability to categorize tantrums suggests a framework many practitioners endorse could be useful in communicating effective strategies.