Background: Sedoanalgesia secondary iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome (IWS) in paediatric intensive units is frequent and its assessment is complex. Therapies are heterogeneous, and there is currently no gold standard method for diagnosis. In addition, the assessment scales validated in children are scarce. This paper aims to identify and describe both the paediatric diagnostic and assessment tools for the IWS and the treatments for the IWS in critically ill paediatric patients. Methods: A systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. This review included descriptive and observational studies published since 2000 that analyzed paediatric scales for the evaluation of the iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome and its treatments. The eligibility criteria included neonates, newborns, infants, pre-schoolers, and adolescents, up to age 18, who were admitted to the paediatric intensive care units with continuous infusion of hypnotics and/or opioid analgesics, and who presented signs or symptoms of deprivation related to withdrawal and prolonged infusion of sedoanalgesia. Results: Three assessment scales were identified: Withdrawal Assessment Tool-1, Sophia Observation Withdrawal Symptoms, and Opioid and Benzodiazepine Withdrawal Score. Dexmedetomidine, methadone and clonidine were revealed as options for the treatment and prevention of the iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome. Finally, the use of phenobarbital suppressed symptoms of deprivation that are resistant to other drugs. Conclusions: The reviewed scales facilitate the assessment of the iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome and have a high diagnostic quality. However, its clinical use is very rare. The treatments identified in this review prevent and effectively treat this syndrome. The use of validated iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome assessment scales in paediatrics clinical practice facilitates assessment, have a high diagnostic quality, and should be encouraged, also ensuring nurses’ training in their usage.

Objective: To identify, assess and synthesise the best available evidence on the effect of massage on jaundice in term neonates treated or not with phototherapy. Method: A review was developed following the PRISMA statement. For this purpose, an exhaustive systematic search in the PubMed, Cuiden, Scopus, Scielo and Cnki databases of the articles published between January 2009 and June 2018 was carried out. The selected studies underwent an evaluation of methodological quality using the PEDro scale. Results: A total of 10 papers met the inclusion criteria and were incorporated into the review. These were of moderate methodological quality (x=7.3). The different studies showed an increase in defecatory frequency and a decrease in bilirubin levels in the intervention group. In patients treated with phototherapy, the duration of hyperbilirubinemia was shorter in the experimental group. According to the authors, an increase in gastrointestinal activity due to vagal stimulation by massage could be justified. Conclusion: Despite limited evidence, massage therapy is established as an effective, safe and economical tool for the prevention and treatment of elevated bilirubin levels in term neonates.