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David Lancashire is an Australian graphic design practitioner whose broad experience of the industry's transition from utilizing analogue to digital technologies has transpired over more than five decades of practice. Examining how his ideation processes have evolved affords us a unique opportunity to study how his use of specific materials and his employment of particular tools have informed his and others' abilities to construct knowledge and fuel inquiry and curiosity in and around the decision-making processes that guide ideation in contemporary graphic design. This learner-centered approach to analysis is rooted in the learning methodology known as material inquiry. a Lancashire is a member of Alliance Graphique Internationale -a group of over 500 graphic designers and artists from over 40 countries -and a past board member of Icograda (this organization has since come to be known as the International Council of Communication Design, or simply "ico-D;" it is an international organization that has existed since 1963 that is comprised of over 120 smaller organizations around the world that together advocate in various industry and governmental settings on behalf of the profession of graphic design and its practitioners). In 2018, I completed doctoral research at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) that examined how and why Lancashire's analogue (as opposed to digitally facilitated) graphic design methods continued to play significant roles informing his design decision-making over the roughly three decades since the advent of graphics applications software and the platforms they run on. 1 As I initiated this study, I chose the term 'material literacy' to define the degree of a graphic design practitioner's ability to understand and apply various types of technological knowledge -both analogue and digital -during

health sciences, history THE CANADIAN HISTORICAL REVIEW utpjournals.press/chr Offering a comprehensive analysis on the events that have shaped Canada, CHR publishes articles that examine Canadian history from both a multicultural and multidisciplinary perspective.

In long-lived species, reproductive skipping is a common strategy whereby sexually mature animals skip a breeding season, potentially reducing population growth. This may be an adaptive decision to protect survival, or a non-adaptive decision driven by individual-specific constraints. Understanding the presence and drivers of this behaviour is key to effective population management, yet in many species such as the endangered African penguin (Spheniscus demersus), these factors remain unknown. This study uses multistate mark-recapture methods to estimate African penguin survival and breeding probabilities at two colonies between 2013 and 2020. Overall, survival was higher at Stony Point (0.82) than Robben Island (0.77). Inter-colony differences were linked to food availability; under decreasing sardine (Sardinops sagax) abundance, survival decreased at Robben Island and increased at Stony Point. Additionally, reproductive skipping was evident across both colonies; at Robben Island ~22% of breeding individuals skipped reproduction each year, versus ~10% at Stony Point. Penguins skipping reproduction had a lower probability of future breeding than breeding individuals; this lack of adaptive benefit suggests reproductive skipping is driven by individual-specific constraints. Lower survival and breeding propensity at Robben Island places this colony in greater need of conservation action. However, further research on the drivers of inter-colony differences is needed.