Diarrheal diseases due to infection constitute a major burden of disease. Dehydration resulting from diarrhea can be fatal. It is the cause of approximately 1.8 million deaths every year. The vast majority of these deaths are of children under five years of age living in low-and middle-income countries. Interventions to prevent diarrhea include provision of safe water, hand washing, the use of sanitation facilities, exclusive breastfeeding of infants and rotavirus vaccination. Diagnosis is guided by symptoms into one of three categories: acute watery diarrhea, dysentery or bloody diarrhea, or persistent diarrhea of longer than 2 weeks in duration. Treatment of diarrhea in children includes oral rehydration with a pre-formulated solution or with fluids that can be prepared and administered in the home. Zinc supplementation is recommended. Only in certain circumstances are antibiotics advised and anti-motility agents are discouraged. The lives of many children could be saved with proper case management of diarrhea. With immediate and sustained actions to decrease both the incidence and mortality attributed to diarrhea, the burden of this prominent public health threat could be dramatically reduced. Escherichia coliE. coli are a varied group of organisms including both pathogenic and harmless strains. The infectious types are grouped according to factors that characterize their pathogenic mechanism. Enterotoxigenic E. coliEnterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) is a common cause of diarrhea in infants and children in developing countries and the most common cause of traveler's diarrhea [47,48]. The infectious dose required for ETEC infection is quite large

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Inguinal hernia is the most common general surgical condition in the world. Although task sharing of surgical care with nonsurgeons represents one method to increase access to essential surgery, the safety and outcomes of this strategy are not well described for hernia repair.OBJECTIVE To compare outcomes after inguinal hernia repair with mesh performed by medical doctors and surgeons in Ghana.

Groin hernia is a common condition in men in this east Ugandan cohort and the annual surgical correction rate is low. Investment is needed to increase surgical capacity in this healthcare system.

Key Points Question Did the treatment of colorectal cancer in Stockholm, Sweden, change during the COVID-19 pandemic? Findings In this cohort study of 1140 patients with colorectal cancer from the Swedish Colorectal Cancer Registry, the proportion of patients with colon cancer treated with ostomy almost doubled, from 17% in March to August 2019 to 30% in March to August 2020; short-term complications and time to surgery remained unchanged. Meaning These findings suggest that changes in surgical behavior occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic, most likely aiming to reduce complications and intensive care unit care.