[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to compare cervical repositioning errors according to smartphone addiction grades of adults in their 20s. [Subjects and Methods] A survey of smartphone addiction was conducted of 200 adults. Based on the survey results, 30 subjects were chosen to participate in this study, and they were divided into three groups of 10; a Normal Group, a Moderate Addiction Group, and a Severe Addiction Group. After attaching a C-ROM, we measured the cervical repositioning errors of flexion, extension, right lateral flexion and left lateral flexion. [Results] Significant differences in the cervical repositioning errors of flexion, extension, and right and left lateral flexion were found among the Normal Group, Moderate Addiction Group, and Severe Addiction Group. In particular, the Severe Addiction Group showed the largest errors. [Conclusion] The result indicates that as smartphone addiction becomes more severe, a person is more likely to show impaired proprioception, as well as impaired ability to recognize the right posture. Thus, musculoskeletal problems due to smartphone addiction should be resolved through social cognition and intervention, and physical therapeutic education and intervention to educate people about correct postures.

Abstract.[Purpose] The purpose of this research was to study the changes in chest mobility and pulmonary functions in relation to stroke patients' situation. [Methods] Twenty stroke patients participated in this experiment. Measurements were taken in the supine position, 45° sitting position leaning against a surface, and 90° sitting positions, in a random order. Chest mobility (during rest, during maximal inspiration, and during maximal expiration) in each position was evaluated using a tape measure, and pulmonary functions (vital capacity, inspiratory capacity, tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume) were evaluated using a spirometer.[Results] The results show a significant differences in chest circumference during maximal inspiration for chest mobility between supine and sitting at 90°, and significant differences in tidal volume and vital capacity for the pulmonary functions among the three positions. [Conclusion] In conclusion, changing a stroke patient's position produce changes in chest mobility and pulmonary functions. The greatest change occurred in the 90° sitting position. Presumably, ventilation is affected by gravity, The results will provide objective data for establishing stroke positions for stroke patients performing respiratory exercises.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to compare reposition errors in subjects with upper crossed syndrome to examine the effects of upper crossed syndrome on position senses. [Subjects and Methods] A sample population of 60 subjects was randomly divided into three groups of 20: a normal group, a mild group, a moderate group. A cervical range of motion device was attached to the head of each subject using straps and the reposition errors of cervical flexion, extension, right lateral flexion, left lateral flexion, right rotation and left rotation were measured. [Results] The normal group showed smaller reposition errors than the mild group and the mild group showed smaller reposition errors than the moderate group but none of the differences among the three groups was significant. [Conclusion] Reposition errors increased in the order of the normal, mild, moderate group but the differences were not significant. In addition, the degree of the subjects’ postural misalignment was higher in the moderate than in the mild group. These results demonstrate that cervical spine position sense declines as postural misalignment becomes more severe.

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of calf tightness on gait, plantar pressure, and balance in adults. Methods: A total of 60 participants were divided into a normal group of 30 subjects with normal dorsiflexion angle (20-25 degrees) and an experimental group of 30 subjects with limited dorsiflexion angle (0-15 degrees) due to calf tightness. Gait ability and foot pressure of the subjects was measured with a treadmill, and the balance ability was measured by PROKIN system. Results: A significant difference in COP length, loading response, and single limb support was observed between groups. The COP length and single limb support ratio in the normal group was greater than in the experimental group, but the experimental group showed a higher ratio for loading response in the gait ratio. Conclusion: Our results indicated that calf tightness was negative effects on balance and gait ability, so assessment of the muscle tightness should be considered during exercise and treatment.Recently, many studies reported that reduced ankle range of motion affects physical activities and walking, and various clinical features such as increased risk of falls, 6 decreased walking speeds, 7 and Korean Physical Therapy intervention.Calf tightness was negative effects on balance and gait ability, so assessment of the muscle tightness should be considered during exercise and treatment. In the future further studies are needed to explore the relationship between calf tightness and balance or gait ability in a wide spectrum of subjects with different ages.

This study aims to provide effects of therapeutic techniques as well as basic materials of safety by comparing and analyzing the effects of hamstring flexibility and dynamic stability of lower lumbar according to Stretching and Massage Techniques to adults with reduced the flexibility of hamstring. METHODS: This study conducted differential diagnosis through sit and reach test(SRT) and Schober test to select subjects who have shortened hamstring without any spinal problem. Selected subjects were divided into two groups randomly; HSG(Hamstring Stretching Group, n=8) and HMG(Hamstring Massage Group, n=8) and they received treatment for 2 weeks. To take statistics, SRT and dynamic view using x-ray were used.