Green CdSe@ZnS quantum dots (QDs) of 9.5 nm size with a composition gradient shell are first prepared by a single-step synthetic approach, and then 12.7 nm CdSe@ZnS/ZnS QDs, the largest among ZnS-shelled visible-emitting QDs available to date, are obtained through the overcoating of an additional 1.6 nm thick ZnS shell. Two QDs of CdSe@ZnS and CdSe@ZnS/ZnS are incorporated into the solution-processed hybrid QD-based light-emitting diode (QLED) structure, where the QD emissive layer (EML) is sandwiched by poly(9-vinlycarbazole) and ZnO nanoparticles as hole and electron-transport layers, respectively. We find that the presence of an additional ZnS shell makes a profound impact on device performances such as luminance and efficiencies. Compared to CdSe@ZnS QD-based devices the efficiencies of CdSe@ZnS/ZnS QD-based devices are overwhelmingly higher, specifically showing unprecedented values of peak current efficiency of 46.4 cd/A and external quantum efficiency of 12.6%. Such excellent results are likely attributable to a unique structure in CdSe@ZnS/ZnS QDs with a relatively thick ZnS outer shell as well as a well-positioned intermediate alloyed shell, enabling the effective suppression of nonradiative energy transfer between closely packed EML QDs and Auger recombination at charged QDs.

[1] The goal of this study is to determine how H 2 O and HDO measurements in water vapor can be used to detect and diagnose biases in the representation of processes controlling tropospheric humidity in atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs). We analyze a large number of isotopic data sets (four satellite, sixteen ground-based remote-sensing, five surface in situ and three aircraft data sets) that are sensitive to different altitudes throughout the free troposphere. Despite significant differences between data sets, we identify some observed HDO/H 2 O characteristics that are robust across data sets and that can be used to evaluate models. We evaluate the isotopic GCM LMDZ, accounting for the effects of spatiotemporal sampling and instrument sensitivity. We find that LMDZ reproduces the spatial patterns in the lower and mid troposphere remarkably well. However, it underestimates the amplitude of seasonal variations in isotopic composition at all levels in the subtropics and in midlatitudes, and this bias is consistent across all data sets. LMDZ also underestimates the observed meridional isotopic gradient and the contrast between dry and convective tropical regions compared to satellite data sets. Comparison with six other isotope-enabled GCMs from the SWING2 project shows that biases exhibited by LMDZ are common to all models. The SWING2 GCMs show a very large spread in isotopic behavior that is not obviously related to that of humidity, suggesting water vapor isotopic measurements could be used to expose model shortcomings. In a companion paper, the isotopic differences between models are interpreted in terms of biases in the representation of processes controlling humidity.Citation: Risi, C., et al. (2012), Process-evaluation of tropospheric humidity simulated by general circulation models using water vapor isotopologues: 1. Comparison between models and observations,

For colloidal quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QD-LEDs), blue emissive device has always been inferior to green and red counterparts with respect to device efficiency, primarily because blue QDs possess inherently unfavorable energy levels relative to green and red ones, rendering hole injection to blue QDs from neighboring hole transport layer (HTL) inefficient. Herein, unprecedented synthesis of blue CdZnS/ZnS core/shell QDs that exhibit an exceptional photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield of 98%, extraordinarily large size of 11.5 nm with a shell thickness of 2.6 nm, and high stability against a repeated purification process is reported. All-solution-processed, multilayered blue QD-LEDs, consisting of an HTL of poly(9-vinlycarbazole), emissive layer of CdZnS/ZnS QDs, and electron transport layer of ZnO nanoparticles, are fabricated. Our best device displays not only a maximum luminance of 2624 cd/m(2), luminous efficiency of 2.2 cd/A, and external quantum efficiency of 7.1%, but also no red-shift and broadening in electroluminescence (EL) spectra with increasing voltage as well as a spectral match between PL and EL.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CC) are the major adult liver cancers. The existence of combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (CHC), a histopathological intermediate form between HCC and CC, suggests phenotypic overlap between these tumors. Here, we applied an integrative oncogenomic approach to address the clinical and functional implications of the overlapped phenotype between these tumors. By performing gene expression profiling of human HCC, CHC, and CC, we identified a novel HCC subtype, namely, CC-like HCC (CLHCC), which expressed CC-like traits (CC signature). As like CC and CHC, CLHCC showed aggressive phenotype with shorter recurrence-free and overall survival. In addition, we found that CLHCC coexpressed embryonic stem cell-like expression traits (ES signature) suggesting its derivation from bipotent hepatic progenitor cells. By comparing the expression of CC signature with previous ES-like, hepatoblast-like, or proliferation-related traits, we observed that that the prognostic value of the CC signatures is independent of the expression of those signatures. In conclusion, we suggest that the acquisition of CC like-expression traits play a critical role in the heterogeneous progression of HCC.