ABSTRACT4-Nonylphenol (NP) is a surfactant that is a well-known and widespread estrogenic
endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC). Although it has been known that the
affinity of NP to ERs is low, it has been suggested that low-dose NP has
toxicity. In the present study, the endocrine disrupting effects on
reproduction, and the weight of gonads, epididymis, and uterus were evaluated
with the chronic lower-dose NP exposing. This study was designed by following
the OECD test guideline 443 and subjected to a complete necropsy. In male, NP
had an effect on the weight of the testis and epididymis in both F0
and F1. In females, NP decreased the weight of ovary and uterus in
F0 but not in pre-pubertal F1 pubs. Fertility of male
and female in F0 or F1 was no related with NP
administration. The number of caudal-epididymal sperm by body weight (BW) was
not different between groups in both F0 and F1. Besides,
the difference of the sperm number between generations was not detected. The
number of ovulated oocytes was similar between groups in F0, but
significantly decreased in NP 50 group of F1. The litter size and sex
ratios of offspring in F1 and F2 were not different. The
accumulated mating rate and gestation period were not affected by the NP
administration. Those results shows that chronic lower-dose NP administration
has an effect of endocrine disruptor on the weight of gonads and epididymis of
F0 and F1 but not in reproduction. Based on the
results, it is suggested that chronic lower-dose NP exposing causes endocrine
disruption in the weight of gonad and epididymis but not in the reproductive
ability of next generations.
Cereblon (CRBN), a primary target of immune-modulatory imide drugs (IMiDs), functions as a substrate receptor in the CUL4-RBX1-DDB1-CRBN (known as CRL4CRBN) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Binding of IMiDs to CRBN redirects the CRL4CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase to recruit or displace its substrates. Interaction between CRBN and the AMPK α subunit leads to CRL4CRBN-dependent degradation of the γ subunit and inhibits AMPK activity. However, the effect of thalidomide on the function of CRBN as a negative regulator of AMPK through interaction with the α subunit remains unclear. Here, we show that thalidomide does not affect AMPK activation or the binding affinity between CRBN and the AMPK α subunit. Thalidomide had no effect on AMPK activity independent of CRBN expression. The N-terminal region and C-terminal tail of CRBN, which is distinct from the IMiD binding site, were critical for interaction with the AMPK α subunit. The present results suggest that CRL4CRBN negatively regulates AMPK through a pathway independent from the CRBN-IMiD binding region.
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