There are some learning problems for which a priori information, such as the Jacobian of mapping, is available in addition to input-output examples. This kind of information can be beneficial in neural network learning if it can be embedded into the network. This article is concerned with the method for learning the mapping and available Jacobian simultaneously. The basic idea is to minimize the cost function, which is composed of the mapping error and the Jacobian error. Prior to developing the Jacobian learning rule, we develop an explicit and general method for computing the Jacobian of the neural network using the parameters computed in error backpropagation. Then the Jacobian learning rule is derived. The method is simpler and more general than tangent propagation (Simard, Victorri, Le Cun, & Denker, 1992). Through hybridization of the error backpropagation and the Jacobian learning, the hybrid learning algorithm is presented. The method shows good performance in accelerating the learning speed and improving generalization. And through computer experiments, it is shown that using the Jacobian synthesized from noise-corrupted data can accelerate learning speed.

N2O, which is emitted mainly from nitrogen decomposition via bacteria, livestock manure, agricultural fertilizer use, fossil fuel combustion and waste incineration, is classified as a substance that causes significant destruction of the ozone layer. The N2O measurement methods for these emission sources may be divided into chromatography, optical, and electrical current measurements. Chromatography has been widely utilized for analyzing N2O. However, up until now, few studies have been conducted on N2O using photoacoustic spectroscopy. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate performance of photoacoustic spectroscopy in this regard based on laboratory and field test results. The repeatability of photoacoustic spectroscopy was measured at 1.12%, which is lower than the repeatability of 3.0% suggested by the ISO 1564 standard, so, it has shown an excellent repeatability. The detection limit was determined to be 0.025 ppm, and the response time was confirmed to be 3 min and 26 s. The results of comparison between these measurements and GC show that the latter has superior accuracy, but mobility and convenience are superior for PAS. On the contrary, GC has a continuous measurement limitation, but PAS makes it possible to conduct continuous measurements. Therefore, PAS can be extremely useful to confirm the characteristics of N2O emissions and to quantify their amount.

IntroductionKorea has been making efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, including a voluntary commitment to the target of a 30% reduction, based on business-as-usual of the total GHG emission volume, by 2020; 2006 IPCC Guidelines provided default values, applying country-specific emission factors was recommended when estimating national greenhouse gas emissions.Results and discussionThis study focused on anthracite produced in Korea in order to provide basic data for developing country-specific emission factor. This study has estimated CO2 emission factors to use worksheet of which five steps consisted according to the fuel analysis method.ConclusionAs a result, the average of net colorific value for 3 years (2007∼2009) was 4,519 kcal/kg, and the CO2 emission factor was calculated to be 111,446 kg/TJ, which is about 11.8% lower than the 2006 IPCC guidelines default value, and about 7.9% higher than the US EPA emission factor.

This study intends to compare greenhouse gas emissions calculated using (12)C content default value provided by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) with greenhouse gas emissions calculated using (12)C content and waste assay value that can reflect the characteristics of the target urban solid waste incineration facilities. Also, the concentration and (12)C content were calculated by directly collecting incineration gases of the target urban solid waste incineration facilities, and greenhouse gas emissions of the target urban solid waste incineration facilities through this survey were compared with greenhouse gas emissions, which used the previously calculated assay value of solid waste.

According to the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) guidelines, when calculating CO 2 emissions, CO 2 emissions from biomass should be excluded from the total amount of CO 2 emissions and should be separately reported due to their "carbon neutrality". Sewage sludge is one of the representative biomass fuels. It is mixed with fossil fuels to achieve greenhouse gas reduction or is used by itself as a fuel to replace fossil fuels. According to the results of this study, biomass fractions of both the sewage sludge and the sewage sludge incineration exhaust gases did not amount to 100%. At present, in many countries (South Korea, Japan, and Germany), when calculating greenhouse gas emissions from sewage sludge incinerators, all CO 2 emissions from sewage sludge are judged to be biomass and only the greenhouse gas emissions that correspond to non-CO 2 gases are calculated as greenhouse gas emissions. However, since, according our results, the content of sewage sludge is not 100% biomass, if CO 2 emissions are excluded according to the existing greenhouse gas emission calculation method, the amount of emissions may be underestimated. Therefore, to accurately calculate greenhouse gas emissions from a sewage sludge incinerator, CO 2 emissions should be calculated in consideration of the fossil carbon fractions of sewage sludge.