Background: This study aimed to determine the effects of different waterlogging duration imposed at the V2 leaf stage and assess the impact of waterlogging on maize growth during the recovery period, identify susceptible and tolerant lines and traits conferring tolerance to waterlogging at the early seedling stage. Methods: The study was arranged in a Split-plot RCBD and replicated three times. Intercharacter and waterlogging durations to maize growth parameters were correlated to determine the degree of the linear relationship using Pearson’s product moments correlation and simple linear regression analysis. Result: The result shows that the different waterlogging durations negatively influenced the maize growth parameters regarding plant height and root length. These parameters became shorter and did not recover after waterlogging stress was removed. Therefore, plant height and root length are traits sensitive to waterlogging stress. The USM Var 10, BRK and T. Monkayo obtained a high degree of leaf greenness, heaviest shoot and root dry matter compared to other evaluated maize lines. Maize with greener leaves, taller plant height, longer root length and high total dry matter accumulation could be a good criterion in selecting a parent material in the maize waterlogging breeding program.

The Citrus rind borer also known as citrus pock caterpillar is still the most critical pest-infesting pummelo (Citrus maxima Merr.) in the Philippines particularly in Davao region. Management of the pest is indispensable for successful pummelo production. The study was conducted to determine the best cost-effective treatment to manage the pest-infesting pummelo. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments replicated three times. The treatments were: curry tree leaf leachate, neem tree leaf leachate, bagging with an ordinary net, treated check (Chlorpyrifos + Beta-cyfluthrin), and untreated check. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance while the differences among treatment means were computed using the Tukey's Honest Significant Difference. Results revealed that the cost-effective treatment against the destructive citrus rind borer is the bagging treatment. Bagging of fruits is more economical and environmentally sound over the use of chemical pesticides (Chlorpyrifos + Beta-cyfluthrin).

The study aimed to determine the socio-demographic profile and document existing practices and problems related to ginger farmers' soil fertility, diseases, and insect pest management practices. Also, to analyze the agro-ecological situation using SWOT analysis. The enumerators conducted one-on-one interviews with the ginger farmers with participative field transects from November 2017 to June 2018 to identify the Ethnofarming practices of Mandaya ginger farmers with 44 key participants. The result shows that the majority of the ginger farmers are old (36%), male (80%), married (85%) with 5 to 6 children (32%), with more than 25 years of ginger farming experience (77%) in less than 0.25 hectare (50%), and have low educational attainment (48%). The Mandaya ginger farmers use soil color and texture, the presence of Ageratum conyzoides, and crop income from the previous cropping as indicators to identify fertile and infertile soils. Fewer Mandaya farmers still practice indigenous knowledge including magical, factual, and traditional practices on ginger production. Although most farmers use new technologies, some tend to combine their indigenous knowledge with new technologies for ginger farming. It has been identified that the Mandaya farmers had limited knowledge of controlling insect and disease infestations, soil fertility management, and commodity price fluctuation, which are significant constraints for them. Mandaya ginger farmers and government agencies are encouraged to develop technologies that will utilize their indigenous knowledge of ginger and other crops while promoting, preserving, and protecting their cultural identity anchored to a scientific way of farming to help attain food security and sustainability for the country.