No abstract

The aerial audiograms of two captive adult, male Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) were measured using a two-alternative, forced-choice paradigm and descending staircase method of signal presentation at the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium. Both fox displayed a typical mammalian U-shaped audiometric curve, with a functional hearing range of 125 Hz to 16 kHz (sensitivity < 60 dB re: 20 μPa) and average peak sensitivity of 22 dB re: 20 μPa at 4 kHz. This range is similar to airborne hearing thresholds previously measured for two closely related species, the kit fox (Vulpes marotis) and the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). There was little variability around threshold and no significant difference between the hearing curves of the two fox. The peak sensitivities of the Arctic fox overlaps their vocal range, the vocal range of their prey; field voles (Microtus agrestis), collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus), Canada geese (Branta canadensis), and the hearing range of a predator; the polar bear (Ursus maritimus). Ambient noise levels were monitored and test frequencies below 5 kHz were possibly masked. Potential response bias was examined using Receiver Operator Characteristic analysis and had a conservative bias. Masking effects and conservative response bias may have resulted in slightly underestimated hearing curves.

The Vermont Self-Determination Project is a model program for enhancing the self-determination of people with developmental disabilities in a rural state. Definitions of self-determination differ in a larger political perspective from those used in systems of supports and for people with disabilities. A brief historical overview demonstrates individualized funding and self-managed supports in Canada and the United States. Rural Vermont's developmental services system enhances opportunities for self-determination through the unique program qualities of the Self-Determination Project. These qualities include circles of support, facilitating self-advocacy, system-wide change, and a triad team approach, in addition to approaches to self-determination that include self-management and self-direction. Significant project outcomes point to areas for future exploration by rural as well as urban researchers and practicioners.