Drawing energy from a debate about the efficacy of parental monitoring, research over the first decade of the 21st century has traced numerous ways in which parenting practices and parent -child relationship features affect adolescents' peer interactions, and how these 2 factors interact to affect adolescent adjustment. In reviewing this research, this paper extols methodological advances and growing diversity of samples while critiquing conceptual underpinnings of many investigations. Suggestions are offered to guide research toward a more contextually sensitive, integrative understanding of dynamic, reciprocal processes between general and peer-focused parenting processes and adolescent peer relations.Relationships with parents and peers have long been recognized as central elements of the adolescent experience in nations around the world. Over the past decade, researchers have moved away from traditional assumptions that parents and peers become competing sources of influence on individuals during adolescence as parents lose the ability to control or guide a child's peer interactions. Instead, scholars have explored a variety of possible connections between parent and peer relationships as these affiliations evolve over the course of adolescence. In this review, we highlight central themes emerging from recent work on the intersection of parent and peer interactions and associations during adolescence, then suggest promising directions for the next decade of research.The literature is too extensive to review completely, so we have selected articles to illustrate major trends. We draw primarily from empirical research reports published since 2000 in scholarly, archival journals. Because of our explicit emphasis on intersections between parent and peer relations, we exclude investigations that treat parents and peers as independent sources of influence and studies focusing on young people's relationships with family members other than parents. On the other hand, we include studies dealing with peer affiliations in general as well as those focusing on a specific category of relationship (e.g., best friend, romantic partner), and we consider a broad array of features of parent and peer relationships.We begin by reviewing a scholarly debate about parental monitoring, occurring at the outset of the decade, that sparked questions about the degree to which parenting practices affect adolescent peer relations or the impact of these relations on the individual. We then consider ''fallout'' from the debate: studies of parental knowledge about children's activities, young people's willingness to share information about their activities with parents, and researchers' efforts to identify parenting practices specific to overseeing peer relations. Next, we turn attention to research on how parenting practices or parent -child relationships affect features of adolescents' peer affiliations. Following this, we examine ways in which parenting and peer relations interact to affect adolescent adjustment. Finally, from this review ...

Drawing upon the expectancy violation-realignment theory of autonomy development, this qualitative study examined African American and Hmong adolescent autonomy-seeking behaviors and parent-child communication about activities and relationships with peers. Twentytwo African American and 11 Hmong adolescents in grades 6-12 and 14 African American and 8 Hmong primary caregivers were interviewed. Participants discussed their perspectives on adolescent information management regarding activities with friends. Four categories of information management strategies and four primary types of adolescent justifications were identified. Adolescents were pragmatic in their decisions about secretive behaviors but also considered the impact of their behaviors on their relationships with parents. Adolescent strategies were consistent across ethnic groups, whereas justifications for secretive behaviors were embedded within cultural and family experiences.

As North American youth move into adolescence, they encounter new types of peer relationships and more opportunities to interact with peers away from the watchful eyes of parents or other adults (Brown and Klute, 2003; Csikszentmihalyi and Larson, 1984). One consequence of these changes is that, to an increasing extent across adolescence, the information that parents obtain about their child' s peer relations comes primarily from what the child is willing to divulge (Kerr and Stattin, 2000). Among the factors likely to influence adolescents' decision about what they tell parents about their peers-and parent decisions about what information to solicit-is parental and adolescent beliefs about what parents ought to (or have a right to) know about peer relationships and interactions. These beliefs should reflect the quality of the parent-child bond, especially levels of trust and respect, and the parents' approach to parenting. Such beliefs may change in response to the child' s behavior or activities of the child' s associates. Misbehavior may heighten parental demands for information while redoubling adolescents' 67 5