Special Edition on Comparative Studies of the WorkplaceInternational audienceThis article provides a comparative analysis of changes in numerical and functional labour flexibility in the French and the UK food processing industry. Based upon case study data, it explores the interaction between competitive pressures and institutional and regulatory structures and their impact on workplace practices. The findings indicate that, faced with a similar competitive environment, firms in both countries have sought to increase labour flexibility. However, the predominant forms of flexibility vary across the two countries, partly reflecting the characteristics of national labour market institutions. Numerical flexibility dominates in the UK, with high levels of paid overtime and temporary agency work. In contrast, French workplaces rely more on internal functional flexibility while also achieving numerical flexibility through seasonal variations in work schedules and a wide range of short-term employment contracts
[fre] Insertion professionnelle des jeunes et processus de déclassement . Un des aspects de l'ajustement entre l'offre et la demande sur le marché du travail des jeunes peut s'analyser au travers du déclassement. Ce terme désigne ici le fait, pour un jeune, de posséder un niveau de formation a priori supérieur à celui requis pour l'emploi occupé. La proportion de sur-diplômés, définie à partir d'une table de correspondance diplôme/profession, a fortement augmenté entre 1986 et 1995. Le déclassement touche plus les femmes, les débutants et les salariés occupant un emploi atypique. Le déclassement joue donc un rôle important dans le processus d'insertion des jeunes sur le marché du travail. Les jeunes chômeurs se déclassent d'autant plus qu'ils sont depuis longtemps au chômage et ont peu d'expérience professionnelle. Pour les jeunes occupant un emploi, le déclassement entraîne un horizon professionnel plus court dans l'entreprise et une mobilité accrue sur le marché du travail, mais qui ne conduit pas toujours à un emploi correspondant à leur niveau de formation. Le déclassement semble être avant tout subi par les jeunes, constat qui, dans un contexte de pénurie globale d'emplois et de segmentation du marché du travail, invite à reconsidérer le chômage des jeunes - et notamment celui des moins qualifiés - comme un processus de file d'attente dans le cadre d'une compétition pour l'emploi particulièrement intense. [eng] The Professional Integration of Young People and the Downgrading Process . One of the aspects of adjustment between supply and demand on the youth labour market can be analysed in ' terms of downgrading. This expression is used here to denote cases where young people have a level of education a priori higher than that required for the job held. - The proportion of overqualified employees, defined by a qualifications/occupation correspondence table, rose sharply from 1986 to 1995. Downgrading is found more - among women, those starting work and employees in atypical jobs. It therefore plays an important role in the process of integrating young people into the labour market. The young unemployed are downgraded all the . more when they have been unemployed for a long period of time and have little professional experience. The downgrading of young employees results in a shorter period of employment in the firm and increased labour market mobility, which does not always lead to a job in keeping with their level of education. Downgrading appears to affect primarily young people. Given the general shortage of jobs and labour market segmentation, this observation argues for a reconsideration of youth unemployment especially of the least skilled as a queuing process in a situation of particularly fierce competition for jobs. [spa] Insercion profesional de los jôvenes y proceso de desclasificacion . Uno de Ios aspectos del ajuste entre la oferta y la demanda sobre el mercado laboral de los jôvenes puede analizarse por la desclasificacion. Este término désigna aquî el hecho para un joven de poseer un nivel de fo...
, for providing me with some information and data. I am also grateful to: Bernard Maurin (Ministry of Labour), Celine Foulon (MEDEF), Marie-Pierre Ithurioz (CGT), Laurence Laigo (CFDT), Sandra Buaillon (CGT), Anne-Genevieve de Saint-Germain (UCV) and Thierry TrHert (CFDT). 1. A first minimum wage had been introduced in 1950, the "SMIG" (salaire minimum inter professionnel garanti), which was indexed only to inflation from 1952.
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