The present studies investigate the role of both cognitive and affective dimensions of moral conviction in contributing to negative interpersonal responses. After demonstrating that the cognitive and affective dimensions of moral conviction are distinct constructs, the studies show that the cognitive dimension is sufficient to produce many forms of interpersonal intolerance. Simply believing an issue to be moral (i.e., objectively grounded, non-negotiable) results in greater intolerance for (Study 1), less sharing with (Study 2), and greater distancing from (Study 3) people with divergent attitudes. The emotional intensity with which beliefs are experienced is not alone explanatory. Nonetheless, it interacts with moral beliefs to produce the highest levels of interpersonal intolerance, distancing from dissimilar others, and context insensitivity. This interaction pattern between moral beliefs and affect was specific to emotional intensity and not other measures of attitude strength (Study 3).

We examined among college students (N = 530; 276 women) the moderating effects of avoidance (coping) and appetitive (social-enhancement) drinking motives on the within-person associations between anxious and depressive affect and drinking frequency and quantity. Once per year for up to four years participants completed standard measures of drinking motives and retrospective reports of affect and drinking in the previous month. Additionally, each year they completed a 30-day daily diary of affect and drinking. Results from models examining both the retrospective and aggregate daily data indicated that individuals with high compared to low social-enhancement motives showed stronger positive associations among changes in monthly negative affect and drinking frequency. Weak evidence was found for the predicted moderating effects of coping motives, although some results indicated that its effects were contingent on levels of social-enhancement motives. Our findings suggest that appetitive drinking motives might play an integral role in stress-and negativeaffect related drinking among college students. Keywords Drinking motives; negative affect-related alcohol useResearch has consistently demonstrated that college students' reports of drinking for coping reasons (i.e., drinking to cope [DTC]) motivation) are robust predictors of alcohol-related problems (Carey & Correia, 1997;Neighbors, Lee, Lewis, Fossos, & Larimer, 2007;Read, Wood, Kahler, Maddock, & Palfai, 2003;Simons, Gaher, Correia, Hansen, & Christopher, 2005). There is less evidence, however, that drinking patterns among high DTC motivation students, compared to others, is consistent with tension-reduction/self-medication theory;Correspondence regarding this article should be addressed to Stephen Armeli, Department of Psychology, Fairliegh Dickinson, University, Teaneck, New Jersey, 1000 River Road, Teaneck, NJ 07666, armeli@fdu.edu, or Howard Tennen, Department of Community Medicine, MC 6325, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-1410, tennen@nso1.uchc.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: The following manuscript is the final accepted manuscript. It has not been subjected to the final copyediting, fact-checking, and proofreading required for formal publication. It is not the definitive, publisher-authenticated version. The American Psychological Association and its Council of Editors disclaim any responsibility or liabilities for errors or omissions of this manuscript version, any version derived from this manuscript by NIH, or other third parties. The published version is available at www.apa.org/journals/adb NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptPsychol Addict Behav. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 March 1. Published in final edited form as:Psychol Addict Behav. 2010 March ; 24(1): 38-47. doi:10.1037/a0017530. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscriptspecifically, that such individuals show increased alcohol use during to periods of increased stress and negative affect (NA). Most notable are recent studies using m...

Residence hall residents indicated their attitudes about recycling and their perceptions of whether friends and family believed they should recycle at the beginning and toward the end of a semester. They also reported their recycling behavior at the end of the semester. Attitudes, but not subjective norms, predicted behavior, and participants became more similar to their fellow group members in attitudes and behavior over time. Attitudes and fellow group member behavior best predicted recycling, supporting the theory of reasoned action, dynamic social impact theory, and their integration.

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