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Chromosome number determinations were made from 227 populations of 43 taxa of Euthamia and Solidago. Nearly all were confirmations of previous reports. The majority of the populations sampled were from Ontario. First report: Solidago hispida Muhl. var. tonsa Fern., 2n = 18.

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The complex is treated as a single species, Aster lanceolatus, on the basis of fieldwork, garden studies, herbarium work, and multivariate analyses of morphological variation of reproductive structures among 200 representative specimens. Two subspecies are recognized: ssp. hesperius occurring in western North America and ssp. lanceolatus occurring in central and eastern North America. Subspecies lanceolatus is further divided into four varieties: var. hirsuticaulis, var. interior, var. lanceolatus (including A. simplex), and var. latifolius. The typical variety is the most diverse and is considered to include forms most like the ancestor of the species. A key to the five infraspecific taxa is presented along with full synonymy. The following new names and combinations are proposed: Aster lanceolatus ssp. hesperius, A. lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus var. hirsuticaulis, A. lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus var. interior, and A. lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus var. latifolius.