Neotropical orchid bees (Euglossini) are often cited as classic examples of trapline-foragers with potentially extensive foraging ranges. If long-distance movements are habitual, rare plants in widely scattered locations may benefit from euglossine pollination services. Here we report the first successful use of micro radio telemetry to track the movement of an insect pollinator in a complex and forested environment. Our results indicate that individual male orchid bees (Exaerete frontalis) habitually use large rainforest areas (at least 42–115 ha) on a daily basis. Aerial telemetry located individuals up to 5 km away from their core areas, and bees were often stationary, for variable periods, between flights to successive localities. These data suggest a higher degree of site fidelity than what may be expected in a free living male bee, and has implications for our understanding of biological activity patterns and the evolution of forest pollinators.

While ecologists have long recognized the influence of spatial resolution on species distribution models (SDMs), they have given relatively little attention to the influence of temporal resolution. Considering temporal resolutions is critical in distribution modelling of highly mobile marine animals, as they interact with dynamic oceanographic processes that vary at time-scales from seconds to decades. We guide ecologists in selecting temporal resolutions that best match ecological questions and ecosystems, and managers in applying these models. We group the temporal resolutions of environmental variables used in SDMs into three classes: instantaneous, contemporaneous and climatological. We posit that animal associations with fine-scale and ephemeral | 1099MANNOCCI et Al. | INTRODUCTIONHighly mobile marine animals such as marine mammals, seabirds, sea turtles and fish are unevenly distributed in the ocean. Ecologists have long sought to understand and predict their patterns of distributions, particularly for commercially valuable species subject to exploitation (Lehodey, Bertignac, Hampton, Lewis, & Picaut, 1997) and for protected species vulnerable to incidental harm (Reilly, 1990). They often employ species distribution models (SDMs) that statistically relate distribution patterns to environmental conditions by linking animal observations to environmental variables. SDMs have been successfully used to examine many ecological, management and conservation questions (Elith & Leathwick, 2009). In particular, they have been widely used to explain and predict distribution patterns of highly mobile marine animals in a variety of ecosystems (Benson et al., 2011;Forney, Becker, Foley, Barlow, & Oleson, 2015;Hartog, Hobday, Matear, & Feng, 2011;Mannocci et al., 2014).It has become apparent that the hierarchical structure of processes in the marine environment drives the distribution and movement patterns of marine animals at multiple spatio-temporal scales (Benoit-Bird, Battaile, Nordstrom, & Trites, 2013;Fauchald, Erikstad, & Skarsfjord, 2000;Fauchald & Tveraa, 2006;Fritz, Said, & Weimerskirch, 2003;Pinaud & Weimerskirch, 2005) (Figure 1). At fine scales, animals track ephemeral prey patches that extend over tens of metres to satisfy their energy requirements (Goldbogen et al., 2008;Heaslip, Iverson, Bowen, & James, 2012 (Benson et al., 2011;Hobday & Hartog, 2014;Tew Kai & Marsac, 2010). At broad scales, animals associate with persistent water masses and current systems that extend over thousands of kilometres and delimit their geographic ranges or migration routes (Jaquet, Whitehead, & Lewis, 1996;Reygondeau et al., 2012;Shillinger et al., 2008). Thus, the distributions of highly mobile marine animals appear determined by both short-term ocean variability and persistent patterns of longer-term ocean climate.Researchers use a variety of methods to obtain synoptic data on marine animal distributions and the marine environment at a wide range of spatial and temporal extents ( Figure 2, see Appendix S1 in Supporti...

The American sand lance (Ammodytes americanus, Ammodytidae) and the Northern sand lance (A. dubius, Ammodytidae) are small forage fishes that play an important functional role in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean (NWA). The NWA is a highly dynamic ecosystem currently facing increased risks from climate change, fishing and energy development. We need a better understanding of the biology, population dynamics | 523 STAUDINGER ET Al.