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Low-temperature nitrogen adsorption and mercury porosimetry were applied for analyzing effect of a-amylolysis upon the porosity of granules of native corn, wheat, rice, and potato starches. Specific surface area (S BET ), porosity, pore size distribution, total pore area, and mean pore radius were determined for native and digested granules. It was found that native starch granules are macroporous materials with a small participation of mesopores. In the case of native starches, the highest value of S BET was obtained for rice starch (1.27 m 2 /g) and the lowest -for potato starch (0.14 m 2 /g). Pore size distribution curves obtained by nitrogen adsorption showed peaks in the range of diameters 2-3 nm (for all starches) and 100-200 nm (for corn and rice starches). After 60 min of enzyme action, surface area of all starches doubled in comparison to native ones. Arising of the new pores was also noted. The results of mercury porosimetry measurements showed that rice starch had the highest total area of pores and porosity but the lowest mean pore radius among all native starches. The pore size distribution curves for all starches exhibited solely one peak corresponding to the dominant group of pores of the radii in the range 0.5-8 mm, dependent on the starch source. There were also much smaller peaks situated within the range of 3-30 mm. After a-amylolysis of corn and rice starches, the average radius of the dominant group of pores diminished. No substantial changes in the pore radii could be noted for potato starch.

The objective of the study was the estimation of the ultrasound-assisted preliminary maceration effect on the efficiency of essential oil distillation and on its qualitative and quantitative composition. The experiment included analyses on three herbal materials, i.e. peppermint leaves (Mentha piperita L.), marjoram herb (Origanum majorana L.), and chamomile flowers (Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert). The study showed that the application of preliminary water maceration of raw material, augmented with ultrasounds, had a statistically significant increasing effect on the amount of oil distilled, in the case of mint leaf from 1.32% to 1.46% v/w, and in the case of marjoram herb from 1.13% to 1.27% v/w. In the case of chamomile flowers no significant effect of ultrasound on the amount of oil obtained was observed. Generally, comparing the composition of essential oils obtained in the experiments with the requirements of the relevant standards no unfavourable effect of the distillation augmenting techniques applied was noted. Therefore, it should be expected that the studied distillates of volatile fractions will have the desired biological activity.