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This study aims to investigate the influence of cardiologists’ demographic characteristics on their satisfaction towards marketing mix strategies (MMS) employed by pharmaceutical industries in Bangladesh. Cardiologists (156) were asked to rate the importance of variables of MMS indicating their degree of agreement with satisfaction statement using a 5-point Likert scale. The variables of marketing mix (4Ps) that can be ranked as top 5 out of 14 variables according to their Spearman correlation coefficients are - brand image (r = 0.532); selling skill of medical representatives (r = 0.507), place of retail pharmacy (r = 0.484), promotional policies (r = 0.476) and continuous medical education program for doctors (r = 0.345). Though the overall mean satisfaction score of females (M = 4.06, SD = 0.87) is higher than that of male (M=3.84, SD =1.02), the difference is not significant; p = 0.260, Cohen’s d = 0.217 showed the effect is small. Experience above 10 years was labeled as high (41%), otherwise low (59%). Experience had substantial influence on perceived satisfaction towards promotion. Finally, overall satisfaction scores varied based on academic qualification of cardiologists; p < 0.05, and Eta-squared = 0.068 implies medium effect. The highest overall satisfaction score was attained for D. Card and others (M = 4.32, SD = 0.82) and the lowest is for MD (M = 3.57, SD =10.9). Cardiologists’ satisfaction score towards product (the lowest is for MD and the highest is for D. Card and others); p < 0.05; Eta-squared = 0.05 (small effect) and promotion (the lowest is for MBBS and the highest is for D. Card and others) vary significantly according to their academic qualification, p < 0.05; Eta-squared = 0.095 implies medium effect. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 21(2): 205-215, 2022 (December)

The objective of this study is to investigate the prescription pattern of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in association with patients’ age, gender and type of hospital visited (government or private), location of the hospital and doctors’ specialty in major divisions of Bangladesh. The secondary objective of this study was to analyze the current market size, share and growth of PPIs in the antiulcer drug market. A crosssectional survey of drug prescriptions was done at hospitals and clinics (private practices) between April 2021 to June 2021 of 7 divisions in Bangladesh. A total of 386 prescriptions, containing 2354 medicines, from 21 districts/areas of 7 divisions in Bangladesh were reviewed to determine the trend of prescribing PPIs. Market data of PPIs were collected from a secondary source (IQVIA). The data collected from the survey were tabulated, analyzed and graphically presented using Microsoft Office Excel 2016. Collected data were entered into the SPSS19.0 statistical software “R” and analyzed. Prescribed antiulcer drugs included Esomeprazole (70.2%), Rabeprazole (7.8%), Omeprazole (4.7%), Dexlansoprazole (4.4%), Pantoprazole (3.1%), and Lansoprazole (0.3%); and 9.3% of collected prescriptions had no anti-ulcerant. There was no association between gender and PPIs prescribed, nor across the type of hospital visited. Only the regression coefficient relating to the patient's age is statistically significant (β=0.01, p<0.05) in overall drug consumption. Along with nonspecific explanations, there were twelve specific reasons for prescribing antiulcer drug generics where the majority of the cases were attributed to NSAID-induced acidity (36%). Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 25(2): 209-217, 2022 (July)

A growing trend of cardiovascular disease is a threat to national health. The objectives of the research are to analyze the association between prescribed generics with doctors’ gender, academic degrees, location of practice and categories of generic medicines. A descriptive cross-sectional Dhaka-based study design was used to assess the prescriptions data. As a primary source of data, 403 prescriptions were collected for twelve months from six different locations of the cardiologists’ practice chamber in Dhaka. A two-stage cluster sampling technique was used to collect prescriptions at a 95% confidence level with a 5% margin of error. For proportional to population size (PPS) sampling, cluster weight of specific areas was determined from a secondary source of data. Chi-Square (2) goodness fit test revealed that gender, academic degrees, location of practice, therapeutic class of cardiovascular generics are statistically significant in association with prescribed generic medicine at a 5% level of significance (pvalues <0.01). Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 20(3): 337-346, 2022 (June) Centennial Special Issue

The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether or not the pharmaceutical companies of Bangladesh are providing all the necessary information and instructions in the packaging materials of pharmaceutical products which are available in Bangladesh. With this aim, the sample of secondary packaging material (cartons, labels, inserts or direction slips) of a total 150 products (from 50 generics) marketed by 15 pharmaceutical companies have been selected and were collected from different medical stores of Dhaka city. The packaging materials of the collected samples were then evaluated based on various regulatory and clinical parameters. It was found that some of the packaging materials of these selected pharmaceutical products lack several important information in terms of clinical and regulatory parameters which limits the quality of these packaging materials.