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Experiments to ascertain the wave forms and laws of propagation and dissipation of ballistic shock waves to large distances (80 yards) from the bullet trajectory are described. Calibers 0.30, 0.50, 20 mm, and 40 mm were studied. In every case an N-shaped wave profile was observed consisting of a sudden rise in pressure, the "head discontinuity," followed by an approximately linear decline to a pressure about equally far below atmospheric and then a second sudden return, the "tail discontinuity," to atmospheric pressure. The peak amplitudes of this disturbance are found to diminish about as the inverse • power of the miss-distance (perpendicular distance from the trajectory) while the period T' (measured between the discontinuous fronts) increases about as the ¬ power of the miss-distance for calibers 0.30, 0.50, and 20 mm. For 40-mm shells the amplitude decays a little faster, about as the inverse 0.9 power of miss-distance over the range studied. A theory taking account of the dissipation of the N-wave energy into heat is developed to explain the observed behavior. A method of measuring absolute N-wave amplitudes by observing the rate of change of period T' with propagation is described. The theory leads to an absolute relationship at large distances between distance, amplitude, and period in which no arbitrary constants appear. Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://acousticalsociety.org/content/terms. Download to IP: 131.215.225.9 On:

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data to within 0.5 percent in nine cases, and to within 1.0 percent in all cases. While the data are not sufficient to show definitely that the method of calculating densities developed in this paper is applicable to these other types of oils, there seems to be good indication that it is.Two thermodynamic quantities of interest, the isothermal compressibility and the thermal expansivity, can be calculated from the data of this paper. The compressibility can be obtained by differentiation of the density equation at the temperature corresponding to the constants a and h, and, if computed at two pressures, shows the normal decrease with increase of pressure. On the other hand, if the compressibility is calculated at two temperatures, it will be found to increase with temperature. The thermal expansivity can be calculated by applying the density equation at two temperatures at constant pressure. If computations are made at two pressures it will be found that the expansivity decreases also with increase of pressure. In regard to these derived quantities it should be noted that they cannot be calculated to an accuracy claimed for the basic density data. However, this lack of accuracy becomes important only at the lowest pressures where possible inaccuracy in measuring pressure by means of the manganin coil is recognized. An X-Ray Method of Determining Rates of Diffusion in the Solid StateJESSE DuMOND AND J. PAUL YOUTZ California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California (Received November 7, 1939) Gold and copper were simultaneously deposited in·.,. action of diffusion alone, rapidly and automatically lose vacuum by vaporization on a plate of glass, the copper the higher Fourier harmonics of its periodic density dis· being deposited at a uniform rate while the gold was tribution function and retain the fundamental in such a deposited in one hundred stratified layers in the copper way as to render the determination of the diffusion coefby alternately raising and lowering the temperature of ficient quite accurate. The observed behavior of the dif· the molybdenum vaporizing trough containing the boiling fracted maxima seem to support these expectations as does gold. The translucent deposit so formed had a total also the absence of any intensity in higher orders than the thickness of about 1O,OOOA and hence an average interfirst. This purification by diffusion probably takes place planar distance of 100A. In an especially constructed x-ray principally during the depositing process itself while the spectrograph selective diffraction of Mo K radiation from temperatures are still quite high. Formulae are derived these stratified films was observed corresponding to the relating the observed rate of decay of the diffracted inartificially imposed periodicity of the stratification and the tensity, the artificial "grating constant" of the strata, and intensity of this diffracted image relative to the direct the diffusion coefficient. The method seems especially beam was found to fall off with time so as to indicate a prom...