Research suggests that rumination places adolescents at risk for psychopathology. However, little is known about the association between parenting and rumination. Moreover, relevant theoretical models suggest that parents contribute to the development of rumination both explicitly through their suggestions about how to cope and implicitly through the context of the mother-adolescent relationship. However, prior work has not examined implicit and explicit factors within the same investigation, precluding exploration of their unique and interactive effects. To address these gaps, the present study examined links between mother-adolescent relationship quality, maternal coping suggestions, and adolescent rumination. Participants were early adolescent girls (M age = 12.41 years) and their primary female caregivers. Findings suggested that maternal disengagement suggestions and mother-adolescent relationship quality were each uniquely associated with adolescent rumination. Moreover, the effect of maternal disengagement suggestions depended on the level of maternal engagement suggestions and mother-adolescent relationship quality. Follow-up analyses revealed that these findings were specific to the maladaptive ruminative brooding component of rumination. Future directions for research were elaborated.
Background: Adolescents living with HIV have elevated mental distress and suboptimal antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence.Setting: Two urban clinics in Kigali, Rwanda. Methods: A 2-arm individual randomized controlled trial compared Trauma-Informed Cognitive Behavioral Therapy enhanced to address HIV (TI-CBTe) with usual care (time-matched, longstanding, unstructured support groups) with 356 12-to 21-year-old (M = 16.78) Rwandans living with HIV. TI-CBTe included 6 groupbased 2-hour sessions led by trained and supervised 21-to 25-yearold Rwandans living with HIV. Participants reported their ART adherence, depression/anxiety, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms at baseline, 6, 12, and 18 months.Results: ART adherence was relatively high at baseline, and youth reported elevated rates of depression/anxiety and trauma symptoms. There were no differential treatment effects on adherence, but depression/anxiety improved over time. Youth with lower depression/anxiety at baseline seemed to benefit more from TI-CBTe than usual care, whereas women with high baseline distress seemed to benefit more from usual care. Youth were less likely to score in high Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptom categories at the follow-up, with no differential treatment effects.Conclusions: TI-CBTe did not outperform usual care on ART adherence, possibly reflecting relatively high adherence at baseline, simplified medication regimens over time, a strong comparison condition, or because youth assigned to TI-CBTe returned to their support groups after the intervention. TI-CBTe was more effective for youth with lower depression/anxiety symptoms, whereas youth with high distress benefitted more from the support groups. TI-CBTe was feasible and acceptable, and young adults living with HIV were able to deliver a mental health intervention with fidelity. The powerful nature of the comparison group, ongoing support groups, points to the potential value of locally crafted interventions in lowresource settings.
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