Background: National long-term care development requires updated epidemiological data related to frailty. We aimed to find the prevalence of frailty and its associated factors among Indonesian elderly.Methods: We conducted first-phase cross-sectional analysis of Indonesia Longitudinal Aging Study (INALAS) data collected from community-dwelling outpatients aged 60 years and older without acute illness in nine geriatric service care centres. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted.Results: Among 908 elderly in this study, 15.10% were robust, 66.20% were pre-frail, and 18.70% were frail. Functional dependence was associated with frailty among Indonesian elderly (OR 5.97, 95% CI 4.04–8.80). Being depressed and at risk for malnutrition were also associated with frailty with OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.56–4.12, and OR 2.56, 95% CI 1.68–3.90, respectively. Prior history of fall (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.16–2.72) and hospitalization (OR 1.46, 95% CI 0.97–2.20) in the previous 12 months were associated with frailty. There is also significant association between poly pharmacy and frailty (OR 2.42, 95% CI 1.50–3.91).Conclusion: Approximately one in five Indonesian community-dwelling elderly was frail. Frailty is associated with functional dependence, being at risk for malnutrition or being malnourished, depression, history of fall, history of hospitalization, and poly pharmacy. There may be bidirectional relationships between the risk factors and frailty. The development of long-term care in Indonesia should be considered, without forcing the elderly who need it.

Background Early detection of prehypertension is important to prevent hypertension-related complications, such as cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Data regarding the prevalence of prehypertension among mid- and late-life population in Indonesia were lacking. It is crucial to obtain the prevalence data and identify the risk factors for prehypertension in Indonesia, which may differ from that of other countries. Methods The cross-sectional analysis utilized multicenter data from Indonesian Family Life Survey-5 (IFLS-5) from 13 provinces in 2014–2015. We included all subjects at mid-and late-life (aged ≥40 years old) from IFLS-5 with complete blood pressure data and excluded those with prior diagnosis of hypertension. Prehypertension was defined as high-normal blood pressure according to International Society of Hypertension (ISH) 2020 guideline (systolic 130–139 mmHg and/or diastolic 85–89 mmHg). Sociodemographic factors, chronic medical conditions, physical activity, waist circumference and nutritional status were taken into account. Statistical analyses included bivariate and multivariate analyses. Results There were 5874 subjects included. The prevalence of prehypertension among Indonesian adults aged > 40 years old was 32.5%. Age ≥ 60 years (adjusted OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.41–2.01, p <  0.001), male sex (adjusted OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.45–1.88, p <  0.001), overweight (adjusted OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.22–1.70, p <  0.001), obesity (adjusted OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.48–2.12, p <  0.001), and raised waist circumference (adjusted OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.11–1.56, p = 0.002) were the significant risk factors associated with prehypertension. Prehypertension was inversely associated with being underweight (adjusted OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.59–0.93, p = 0.009). Conclusions The prevalence of prehypertension in Indonesian mid- and late-life populations is 32.5%. Age ≥ 60 years, male sex, overweight, obesity, and raised waist circumference are risk factors for prehypertension.

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Latar Belakang: Demensia adalah salah satu penyakit kronis degeneratif yang hingga saat ini belum memiliki tata laksana definitif. Beberapa suplementasi yang menjanjikan untuk meningkatkan fungsi kognitif, salah satunya adalah vitamin D3. Tujuan: Membuat telaah sistematis studi terkait suplementasi vitamin D3 dan peranannya dalam meningkatkan fungsi kognitif. Metode: Pencarian sistematis dilakukan pada tiga database, yaitu PubMed, CENTRAL, dan ScienceDirect untuk memilih studi eksperimental sesuai kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Artikel yang terpilih kemudian ditelaah kritis dan dianalisis lebih lanjut. Hasil: Pada analisis akhir didapatkan 5 artikel untuk telaah kritis, hanya satu studi memiliki risiko bias rendah. Empat studi populasi lanjut usia (lansia) tanpa gangguan kognitif menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan signifikan fungsi kognitif kelompok suplementasi vitamin D dibandingkan kelompok plasebo. Satu studi populasi lansia penderita Alzheimer menunjukkan peningkatan signifikan nilai total IQ setelah suplementasi vitamin D3 800 IU per hari selama 12 bulan. Simpulan: Suplementasi vitamin D3 pada lansia dengan fungsi kognitif baik tidak menghasilkan perubahan fungsi kognitif bermakna. Namun, menjaga fungsi kognitif harus dilakukan secara komprehensif, dimulai dari pola diet seimbang, aktivitas fisik, serta latihan kognitif rutin. Background: Dementia is one of the chronic degenerative diseases that until now does not have a definitive therapy. Several supplements are promising to increase cognitive function, including vitamin D3. Objective: Make a systematic review on studies related to vitamin D3 supplementation and its role in improving cognitive function. Method: A systematic search was carried out on three databases, which are PubMed, CENTRAL, and ScienceDirect to select experimental studies based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The selected articles were then critically reviewed and further analyzed. Results: Five articles were included in the final analysis to be critically appraised, only one study has a low risk of bias. Four studies regarding elderlies without cognitive dysfunction showed no significant differences between group with vitamin D supplementation and placebo in terms of cognitive function. One study with Alzheimer’s elderlies as the population showed a significant increase in total IQ score after vitamin D3 800 IU supplementation every day for 12 months. Conclusion: Vitamin D3 supplementation for elderlies with good cognitive function showed no significant difference. However, maintaining cognitive function needs a comprehensive management i.e., balanced diet, physical activity, and routine cognitive training.