IntroductionThe Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first described human retrovirus. It is currently estimated that around 5 to 10 million people worldwide are infected with this virus. Despite its high prevalence, there is still no preventive vaccine against the HTLV-1 infection. It is known that vaccine development and large-scale immunization play an important role in global public health. To understand the advances in this field we performed a systematic review regarding the current progress in the development of a preventive vaccine against the HTLV-1 infection.MethodsThis review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA®) guidelines and was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). The search for articles was performed in PubMed, Lilacs, Embase and SciELO databases. From the 2,485 articles identified, 25 were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.ResultsThe analysis of these articles indicated that potential vaccine designs in development are available, although there is still a paucity of studies in the human clinical trial phase.DiscussionAlthough HTLV-1 was discovered almost 40 years ago, it remains a great challenge and a worldwide neglected threat. The scarcity of funding contributes decisively to the inconclusiveness of the vaccine development. The data summarized here intends to highlight the necessity to improve the current knowledge of this neglected retrovirus, encouraging for more studies on vaccine development aiming the to eliminate this human threat.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero, identifier (CRD42021270412).

Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are the vectors of important arboviruses: dengue fever, chikungunya, Zika, and yellow fever. Female mosquitoes acquire arboviruses by feeding on the infected host blood, thus being able to transmit it to their offspring. The intrinsic ability of a vector to infect itself and transmit a pathogen is known as vector competence. Several factors influence the susceptibility of these females to be infected by these arboviruses, such as the activation of the innate immune system through the Toll, immunodeficiency (Imd), JAK-STAT pathways, and the interference of specific antiviral response pathways of RNAi. It is also believed that the presence of non-pathogenic microorganisms in the microbiota of these arthropods could influence this immune response, as it provides a baseline activation of the innate immune system, which may generate resistance against arboviruses. In addition, this microbiome has direct action against arboviruses, mainly due to the ability of Wolbachia spp. to block viral genome replication, added to the competition for resources within the mosquito organism. Despite major advances in the area, studies are still needed to evaluate the microbiota profiles of Aedes spp. and their vector competence, as well as further exploration of the individual roles of microbiome components in activating the innate immune system.

O vírus linfotrópico T humano tipo 1 (HTLV-1) foi o primeiro retrovírus humano descoberto, descrito pela primeira vez há 41 anos. Esse retrovírus está associado ao desenvolvimento de duas doenças graves: a leucemia/linfoma de células T do adulto (ATLL) e a mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1/paraparesia espástica tropical (HAM/TSP). Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as atualizações sobre o HTLV-1, destacando os aspectos clínicos, os avanços e as limitações no tratamento e na prevenção da infecção pelo HTLV-1. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão integrativa, por meio de coleta de dados nas plataformas PubMed, LILACS e SciELO, entre março e abril de 2021. Foram incluídos 61 artigos de diferentes países. O Brasil foi o país com maior número de publicações na área: 12. Os resultados obtidos mostram que existem avanços importantes no que diz respeito ao tratamento e à prevenção da infecção pelo HTLV-1. No entanto, a falta de estudos específicos sobre o vírus, que abordem os aspectos clínicos da infecção, foi um fator limitante para este estudo, o que reforça a necessidade de investimento em novas pesquisas sobre o tema.

Dipyrone is a non-opioid analgesic drug used for fever and many types of pain. Due to the risk of induced agranulocytosis, it was banned in the early 1980s in several countries, but is still widely used in Brazil, Mexico, China and others. This study is a systematic review of literature focusing on the recent evidence about dipyrone safety. To this, a literature search was performed for epidemiological studies published between 2015 and 2022, in English, German, Portuguese, and Spanish languages. From the 30 articles that met the inclusion criteria, most of them consisted in observational studies (n = 27). In children, the frequency of adverse events with dipyrone is low, but can affect the renal and circulatory systems. During pregnancy, the drug doesn't seem to be related to teratogenic abnormalities. Agranulocytosis is still a matter of debate. However, the occurrence is rare, with an estimated risk of 1:1,602. In adults, dipyrone is related to several adverse effects on renal, hepatic, respiratory and epidermal systems. Thus, dipyrone seems to have a low incidence of adverse effects, but some can be considered of high severity. Especially in children, elderly and patients who need treatment for long periods, other analgesic options should be evaluated.

Historicamente os métodos tradicionais de ensino se consolidaram tendo o professor como a figura central do conhecimento. No entanto, pesquisas mostram que para que o aprendizado seja bem-sucedido é necessário mais do que apenas ouvir. Nesse sentido, a sala de aula invertida é um tipo de metodologia ativa que torna o aluno protagonista do seu aprendizado. Diante disso, esse trabalho visa demonstrar a aplicação da sala de aula invertida como uma metodologia adequada para o melhor entendimento da bioquímica, demonstrando os benefícios de sua utilização dentro do campo das áreas biomédicas. Essa metodologia foi aplicada em uma turma do curso de medicina da Universidade Federal da Bahia, para abordagem do tema “Ciclo de Krebs e Cadeia Respiratória”. A turma foi dividida em grupos para apresentação de instrumentos lúdicos sobre a temática, com preenchimento de questionário individual ao final do encontro. Foi possível observar que essa estratégia de abordagem proporcionou um maior aprendizado, já que 59,5% dos alunos classificou a metodologia como excelente e 56,8% declarou nota máxima na autoavaliação sobre a participação no desenvolvimento do trabalho. Além disso, foi constatado que essa metodologia consegue estimular no estudante o senso crítico, solução de conflitos, interação com os colegas e participação ativa do indivíduo na busca por conhecimento; características importantes para o estudante durante a formação médica.