La reproducción es más que la unión del esperma con el óvulo, ya que la generación exitosa de la progenie requiere una serie de interacciones (comportamentales, físicas y moleculares) entre machos y hembras para asegurar que un espermatozoide pueda fertilizar un óvulo. Por lo tanto, la reproducción es un proceso complejo en el que se requieren señales de comportamiento específicas de la especie y del sexo para la localización, el reconocimiento y la atracción de la pareja. Además, la interacción de moléculas específicas de la especie y del sexo, posterior a la inseminación es necesaria para garantizar la generación exitosa de la progenie. En esta revisión, nos centraremos en los procesos comportamentales y fisiológicos necesarios para la reproducción en mosquitos vectores de enfermedades, Aedes y Anopheles. Destacaremos los trabajos recientes que han dilucidado los comportamientos pre-apareamiento de machos y hembras que conducen a una cópula exitosa y describiremos los cambios fisiológicos y de comportamiento posteriores al apareamiento observados en las hembras, que facilitan, principalmente, la producción de progenie. Así mismo, discutiremos el papel de las moléculas específicas del sexo en la mediación de los cambios posteriores al apareamiento observados en las hembras apareadas de Aedes y Anopheles. Finalmente, daremos una descripción general de cómo los factores ambientales (por ejemplo, la nutrición de las larvas o la composición del microbioma) pueden influir en la fertilidad de los adultos.
Globally invasive Aedes aegypti mosquitoes disseminate numerous arboviruses that impact human health. One promising method to control Ae. aegypti populations is transinfection with the intracellular bacterium Wolbachia pipientis, a symbiont that naturally infects ~40-52% of insects but is normally absent from Ae. aegypti. Transinfection of Ae. aegypti with the wMel Wolbachia strain induces cytoplasmic incompatibility, allowing infected individuals to rapidly invade native populations. Further, wMel Wolbachia-infected females display refractoriness to medically relevant arboviruses. Thus, wMel Wolbachia-infected Ae. aegypti are being released in several areas to replace native populations, thereby suppressing disease transmission by this species. Wolbachia is reported to have minimal effects on Ae. aegypti fertility, but its influence on other reproductive processes is unknown. Female insects undergo several post-mating physiological and behavioral changes required for optimal fertility. Post-mating responses (PMRs) in female insects are typically elicited by receipt of male seminal fluid proteins (SFPs) transferred with sperm during mating, but can be modified by other factors, such as adult age, nutritional status, and microbiome composition. To assess how Wolbachia infection influences Ae. aegypti female PMRs, we collected wMel Wolbachia-infected Ae. aegypti from the field in Medellín, Colombia and introduced the bacterium into our laboratory strain. We found that Wolbachia influences female fecundity, fertility, and re-mating incidence. Further, we observed that Wolbachia significantly extends longevity of virgin females. Changes in female PMRs are not due to defects in sperm transfer by infected males, or sperm storage by infected females. Using proteomic methods to examine the seminal proteome of infected males, we found that Wolbachia infection has a moderate effect on SFP composition. However, we identified 125 Wolbachia proteins that are paternally transferred to females by infected males. Surprisingly, the CI factor proteins (Cifs), were not detected in the ejaculates of Wolbachia-infected males. Our findings indicate that Wolbachia infection of Ae. aegypti alters female post-mating responses, potentially influencing control programs that utilize Wolbachia-infected individuals.
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