As primarily sessile organisms, plants often show a non-random spatial distribution of genotypes over distance. This process known as fine-scale spatial genetic structure (FSGS) has been suggested through systematic reviews to depend on life-form, mating system, and pollen and seed dispersal vectors, while there is no consensus on its behavior due to external factors, such as anthropogenic habitat changes. By conducting a systematic review and global meta-analysis of empirical FSGS studies, we aimed to evaluate how anthropogenic habitat fragmentation and degradation influence the strength of FSGS in plant populations by means of the Sp statistic. Moreover, we tested how pollination and seed dispersal vectors contribute to the variation of the Sp statistic. We retrieved 243 FSGS studies from 1960 to 2020 of which only 65 were informative for the systematic review. Most empirical studies comprised outcrossers (84%) and trees (67%), with few herbs (23%), and scarce annual species (2%). In weighted meta-analyses for 116 plant populations (31 studies), we did not detect significant effects in the magnitude of effect sizes for the Sp statistic among undisturbed, degraded, and fragmented habitats. Results showed significant effects for seed dispersal vectors, but not for pollination. Overall, we observed high variation among the effect sizes (not related to the goodness-of-fit of mixed models) of habitat status, pollination, and seed dispersal categories, which precludes identifying biological trends on the Sp statistic. More empirical studies are needed that contrast multiple plant populations in disturbed vs. undisturbed habitats, and by increasing the taxonomic groups, such as herbs and annual plants.

Genomics is the discipline that studies the structure, function, and evolution of genomes and addresses the methodological processes used tosequence and assemble the genome. Analyzing sequencing data requires state-of-the-art computational resources and specialized mathematicalalgorithms and software, which are together known as bioinformatics. The history of genome sequencing can be divided into three stages: 1)first-generation, which is based on the sequencing of a single fragment using capillary electrophoresis; 2) second generation, characterized by themass parallelization of sequencing reactions, resulting in an increase in the amount of DNA fragments sequenced with a length of 50 to 300 basepairs; and 3) third generation, which also includes the mass sequencing, but of much longer fragments (> 10000 base pairs), which facilitatesgenome assembly. Advances in massive sequencing have allowed for the sequencing of a large number of genomes, which has had broadapplications in medicine, the improvement of economically important plant and animal species, and phylogenetic studies, among many others.One of the main branches of genomics is metagenomics, which has been highly important in generating knowledge of the composition anddiversity of microorganisms in environmental samples of water, air, and other materials, facilitating the recognition of new taxa. Another branchof genomics is phylogenomics, which is used to infer the evolutionary relationships among species. Therefore, the advances in sequencingplatforms as well as advances in the area of bioinformatics have resulted in a revolution of knowledge of genome complexity