Buildings contribute 40% of global greenhouse gas emissions; therefore, strategies that can substantially reduce emissions from the building stock are key components of broader efforts to mitigate climate change and achieve sustainable development goals. Models that represent the energy use of the building stock at scale under various scenarios of technology deployment have become essential tools for the development and assessment of such strategies. Within the past decade, the capabilities of building stock energy models have improved considerably, while model transferability and sharing has increased. Given these advancements, a new scheme for classifying building stock energy models is needed to facilitate communication of modeling approaches and the handling of important model dimensions. In this article, we present a new building stock energy model classification framework that leverages international modeling expertise from the participants of the International Energy Agency's Annex 70 on Building Energy Epidemiology. Drawing from existing classification studies, we propose a multi-layer quadrant scheme that classifies modeling techniques by their design (top-down or bottom-up) and degree of transparency (black-box or white-box); hybrid techniques are also addressed. The quadrant scheme is unique from previous classification approaches in its non-hierarchical organization, coverage of and ability to incorporate emerging modeling techniques, and treatment of additional modeling dimensions. The new classification framework will be complemented by a reporting protocol and online registry of existing models as part of ongoing work in Annex 70 to increase the interpretability and utility of building stock energy models for energy policy making.

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Between 2005 and 2012, 61 marinas and harbours around the English coast were surveyed to record the occurrence of non-native species (NNS) of sessile invertebrates. From these surveys, geographic distributions are described for eight species of ascidians, six bryozoans and five other species. A mean of 6.7 sessile invertebrate NNS per site (range 0-13 species) was recorded. At the 43 sites on the English Channel coast, the mean was 7.8 NNS per site, and all of the ten English sites that had ≥ 10 NNS were in the western or central region of the Channel coast. Ritter and Forsyth, 1917, and Didemnum vexillum Kott, 2002; and the bryozoans Schizoporella japonica Ortmann, 1890 and Watersipora subatra (Ortmann, 1890). Rapid assessment surveys of marinas and similar sites proved to be an effective means of documenting the arrival and spread of NNS over a relatively wide geographic range and of distinguishing different rates of progression.