Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.ii REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGEForm Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) May 20152. REPORT TYPE ARL-TR-7298 SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ABSTRACTThe ability to understand the reasoning behind an intelligent agent's actions can help to increase operator performance as the use of human-agent teams for military operations grows. This experiment tested the effect of display design to convey environment and intelligent agent information in a simulation-based unmanned ground vehicle monitoring task. Three groups were tested with visual displays representing 1 of 3 types of information: current status only (group 1); current status with reasoning information (group 2); and current status, reasoning information, and projected information (group 3). Performance measures included comprehension of situation awareness probes, operator trust based on 3 different surveys, workload, and system usability. Results indicated a significant interaction between conditions and pre-and postadministration of a trust survey modified from Jian et al. (2000), with only group 2 increasing in trust preexperiment in comparison with postexperiment. The situation awareness probes failed to yield any significant differences among the conditions. No significant effects of operator workload or individual difference factors were observed across conditions. This research demonstrates the potential of agent transparency displays to improve Soldier trust and situation awareness. iii

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited ii REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY)January 2011 ARL-MR-0761 SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ABSTRACTIn the FY09 DRI, we developed the RoboLeader intelligent agent that had the capabilities of coordinating a team of ground robots and revising route plans for the robots based on battlefield intelligence. In the current DRI, the capabilities of RoboLeader were expanded to deal more specifically with dynamic re-tasking requirements based on battlefield developments as well as coordination between aerial and ground robots in pursuit of moving targets. The results of our human-in-the-loop simulation experiment showed that RoboLeader (Fully Automated condition) was more effective in encapsulating the moving targets than were the human operators (when they were either without assistance from RoboLeader [Manual] or when they were partially assisted by RoboLeader [Semi-Autonomous]). Participants successfully encapsulated the moving targets only 63% of the time in the Manual condition but 89% of the time when they were assisted by RoboLeader. Those participants who play video games frequently demonstrated significantly better encapsulation performance than did infrequent gamers; they also had better SA of mission environment. Visualization had little effect on participants' performance. Finally, participants reported significantly higher workload when they were in the Manual condition than when they were assisted by RoboLeader.

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) July 20062. REPORT TYPE ARL-TR-3834 SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ABSTRACTThis report tries to examine salient issues in robotic operator performance and reviews some of the promising user interface solutions, in designs and technologies. The first section concerns general issues in human-robot interaction and operator control unit designs. The second section presents the controlling of teleoperated and semi-autonomous robots and its associated human performance issues as well as user interface solutions. The last section surveys potential innovative technologies for enhancing the performance of robotic operators. Specifically, it concerns multimodal technologies, including voice recognition/synthesis systems, bone conduction and throat microphones, and tactile systems. SUBJECT TERMSauditory control and display, haptic display, human-robot interface, human-robot interaction, multi-modal, robotic operator performance SECURITY