This article aimed at finding information regarding the habit of breast self-examination (BSE), by evaluating the frequency and the time it takes to be conducted by users of the public service basic health care, in a city in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The sample was composed by 398 women, divided through the 36 basic units of the municipality. The habit to perform the BSE was mentioned by 68.2% of the women in the sample, and from these, 59.2% state that they have been doing it for more than 10 years. The regularity in the conduction of the exam has greatly varied among the participants. Most of them (62.6%) do it sporadically, when they remember; one third (29.6%) stated that they do the exam monthly. There was a negative association with the age (p=0.001), ethnicity (p=0.001) and marital status (p=0.001). Self-care regarding breast cancer was performed by a majority of the participants of the study, which are white, older than 30, married and educated. The clinical exam conducted by gynecologists was the main source of knowledge regarding the BSE, which highlights the important role of health care professionals in the dissemination of new guidelines. Descriptors: Neoplasms; Women's health; Health education; Breast Self-Examination.Este estudio tuvo como objetivo conocer el hábito de autoexamen de mamas (AEM), a través de la evaluación de la frecuencia y del tiempo de su realización por usuarios del servicio público de atención primaria de salud, en un municipio del interior del estado de São Paulo, Brasil. La muestra de 398 mujeres fue estratificada de las 36 unidades básicas de salud del municipio. El hábito de realizar el AEM de las mamas fue referido por 68,2% de la muestra, y de estas, 59,2% afirmaron que lo practican hace más de diez años. La regularidad en la realización del examen varió mucho entre las participantes, con la mayoría (62,6%) haciéndolo esporádicamente, cuando recuerdan; un tercio (29,6%) informó que realiza el autoexamen mensualmente. Hubo asociación significativa con edad (p=0,001), etnia (p=0,001) y estado civil (p=0,001). El autocuidado relativo al cáncer de mama fue mayoritario entre las participantes del estudio, que son caucasianas, mayores de 30 años, casadas y escolarizadas. El examen clínico realizado por los ginecólogos fue la principal fuente de conocimiento sobre el AEM, lo que destaca la importancia de los profesionales de salud en la difusión de las nuevas directrices. Descriptores: Neoplasias; Salud de la Mujer; Educación en salud; Autoexamen de mamas.
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