Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative CommonsAtribución 4.0 Internacional.

Background: Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by the Leishmania parasite, which is difficult to diagnose, causes disfigurement and is difficult to treat. Objectives: To determine the effect of Butionin-Sulfaximine (BSO) and Fluphenazine on trypomastigotes and axenic amastigotes of Leishmania peruviana and Leishmania braziliensis. Methods: A study was performed with Butionin-Sulfaximine (BSO), Fluphenazine, and Glucantime (positive control,) utilizing respective concentrations of 41.7 mg/ml, 4.17 mg/ml, and 50 mg/ml for twenty-four hours on axenic amastigotes. Results: A significant difference (*P < 0.05) was found between the negative control group, Fluphenazine, and BSO within both the axenic amastigotes of L. peruviana (5.5 X 10 5 / ml for the negative control, 0.15 X 10 5 / ml for Fluphenazine, and 0.7 X 10 5 / ml for BSO) and L. braziliensis (6.9 X 10 5 /ml for the negative control, 0.18 X 10 5 /ml for Fluphenazine, and 0.22 X 10 5 /ml for BSO). Another significant difference (*P < 0.05) was found in the promastigotes of L. peruviana (5.9 X 10 5 / ml for the negative control, 0.66 X 10 5 / ml for Fluphenazine, and 3.1 X 10 5 / ml for BSO) and L. braziliensis (8.7 X 10 5 /ml for the negative control and 5.68 X 10 5 /ml for Fluphenazine). Conclusions: From this, we conclude Fluphenazine and BSO present promising antiparasitic effects against axenic amastigotes of L. peruviana and L. braziliensis in both pharmacological tests of the in vivo model and their potential future use.

The origin of quinine from Peru remains a mystery because of the lack of primary data—in particular, those produced by the Jesuits working in Peru. The discovery of cinchona bark and its use in malaria treatment must have come from the Jesuits, who worked with the native Andeans, the Quichuan people, and learned how the bark of the cinchona tree could be used for chills. Unknown is whether the Andean people used it for fever that may have been the result of malaria. We explored the literature of the 1600s, 1700s, and later to trace the history of quinine that is available. All these secondary sources lack the primary data of the Jesuits in their work with native Andeans, nor is there information on how the discovery of its use for malaria-like fevers came about. One clue comes from the Jesuits who talked with the Andean people and learned about quinine. But was it used for fever? Why did the Jesuits test it against (tertian or quartan) fevers that could have been the result of malaria? The gap in our knowledge can only be resolved with the discovery of written documents by the Jesuits about quinine for malaria.

and Santa Rosa. 19 of the 43 districts of Metropolitan Lima (44.18%) presented some data on OPES, with an average of 65.32%. A positive correlation was observed between the percentage of housing sanitation and the percentage of private IE in relation to the total number of educational institutions per district. The density of schoolchildren per square kilometer was positively related to the percentage of dwellings with water supply, the percentage with toilets connected to the sewerage service, and the percentage of sanitation of the dwelling. The percentage of private IE in relation to the total number of educational institutions per district was positively associated with the percentage of households with water supply and connection to 2 the public drain network, and with the density of students per Km. The OPES in each district was not significantly associated with the variables of sanitation and EI. The possible factors that would explain the absence of relationship of the OPES with the sanitation are analyzed.

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