We describe two new species from two new genera of Ocnerodrilidae from Alcântara and Rosário counties of Maranhão, Brazil. They were collected in very sandy soil in the transition between the Amazonia and Cerrado biomes. One of the species, Brasilisia punki n. sp., is the first report of earthworms of this family with an unusual pattern of genital markings and a gizzard in segment five. The other species Arraia nelmae n. sp. has a gizzard in segment six and a pair of calciferous glands in nine. We also provide an updated key for all genera of Ocnerodrilidae.

We describe three new species of the earthworm genus Holoscolex from the Gurupi Biological Reserve in Maranhão state, Brazil. The Reserve, with the Indigenous Territories Awá, Caru, Alto Turiaçu and Alto Rio Guamá represent the last continuous forest remnants of the Belém Endemism Area, the most deforested and threatened area of Brazilian Amazonia. Holoscolex dossantosi sp. nov. has tubercula pubertatis looking like double bands, Holoscolex alatus sp. nov. presents alate tubercula pubertatis, and Holoscolex fernandoi sp. nov. has testis sacs and several intraclitellar atrial glands associated with genital markings between XIX and XXII. The presence of these unusual characters in Holoscolex fernandoi sp. nov. suggests that this species could be an evolutionary transitional stage linking Eudrilidae and more recent Glossoscolecidae genera.

Two new species of the earthworm family Rhinodrilidae (Clitellata), from Maranhão state, Brazil, were studied by dissection. Andiorrhinus (Turedrilus) miricuri n. sp. is the first record of a big earthworm for this region with three pairs of large spermathecae in segments 7–9 and one pair of tubercula pubertatis bands lateral to b line in XX–XXV. Andiorrhinus (Turedrilus) barrosoi n. sp. lacks spermathecae and has one pair of tubercula pubertatis bands lateral to b line in XX–(1/3) XXIV. The earthworms described are from the most threatened region of Amazonia where 75% of forest cover is already lost. More information is urgently necessary to assess their ecology and vulnerability status.